The Madang or Madang–Adelbert Range languages are a language family of Papua New Guinea. They were classified as a branch of Trans–New Guinea by Stephen Wurm, followed by Malcolm Ross. William A. Foley concurs that it is "highly likely" that the Madang languages are part of TNG, although the pronouns, the usual basis for classification in TNG, have been "replaced" in Madang. Timothy Usher finds that Madang is closest to the Upper Yuat River languages and other families to its west, but does not for now address whether this larger group forms part of the TNG family.Madang
The family is named after Madang Province and the Adelbert Range.
History Sidney Herbert Ray identified the Rai Coast family in 1919. In 1951 these were linked with the Mabuso languages by Arthur Capell to create his Madang family. John Z'graggen (1971, 1975) expanded Madang to languages of the Adelbert Range and renamed the family Madang–Adelbert Range, and Stephen Wurm (1975) adopted this as a branch of his Trans–New Guinea phylum. For the most part, Malcolm Ross's (2005) Madang family includes the same languages as Z'graggen Madang–Adelbert Range, but the internal classification is different in several respects, such as the dissolution of the Brahman branch.
Internal classification
The languages are as follows:
Madang Bargam (Mugil) Central Madang Croisilles (reduced, = Northern Adelbert Range) Mabuso Mindjim Rai Coast (reduced; > South Madang) Yamben West Madang Southern Adelbert Range (Sogeram and Tomul Rivers) Kalam (Kaironk River) East Madang Wasembo Yaganon
The time depth of Madang is comparable to that of Austronesian or Indo-European.
Pronouns Ross (2000) reconstructed the pronouns as follows:
{| class=wikitable ! !!sg!!pl |- !1 |*ya||*iactually i ~ si |- !2 |*na||*ni, *ta |- !3 |*nu
These are not the common TNG pronouns. However, Ross postulates that the TNG dual suffixes *-le and *-t remain, and suggests that the TNG pronouns live on as Kalam verbal suffixes.
Evolution
Madang family reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea (pTNG) etyma:
Family-wide innovations pTNG *mbena ‘arm’ > proto-Madang *kambena (accretion of *ka-) pTNG *mb(i,u)t(i,u)C ‘fingernail’ > proto-Madang *timbi(n,t) (metathesis) pTNG *(n)ok ‘water’ replaced by proto-Madang *yaŋgu
Croisilles Garuh language: muki ‘brain’ < *muku bi ‘guts’ < *simbi hap ‘cloud’ < *samb(V) balamu ‘firelight’ < *mbalaŋ wani ‘name’ < *[w]ani ‘who?’ wus ‘wind, breeze’ < *kumbutu kalam ‘moon’ < *kala(a,i)m neg- ‘to watch’ < *nVŋg- ‘see, know’ ma ‘taro’ < *mV ahi ‘sand’ < *sa(ŋg,k)asiŋ
Pay language: in- ‘sleep’ < *kin(i,u)- kawus ‘smoke’ < *kambu tawu-na ‘ashes’ < *sambu imun ‘hair’ < *sumu(n,t) ano ‘who’ < *[w]ani
Proto-Northern Adelbert: *waben ‘arm, hand’ < *mbena *bab ‘older brother’ < *[mb]amba *ked ‘blood’ < *ke(nj,s)a *gemaŋ ‘heart’ < *kamu *kumaŋ ‘neck, nape’ < *kuma(n, ŋ) *kasin ‘mosquito’ < *kasin *um- ‘die’ < *kumV- *in- ‘sleep’ < *kin(i,u)[m]- *ag- 'see' ‘know, hear, see’ < *nVŋg- *me (+verb) ‘NEG’ < *ma- (+verb) *yag ‘water’ < *ok[V] *tak ‘leaf’ < *sasak
Kalam Kalam language (most closely related to the Rai Coast languages): meg ‘teeth’ < *maŋgat[a] md-magi ‘heart’ < *mundu-maŋgV mkem ‘cheek’ < *mVkVm ‘cheek, chin’ sb ‘excrement, guts’ < *simbi muk ‘milk, sap, brain’ < *muku yman ‘louse’ < *iman yb ‘name’ < *imbi kdl ‘root’ < *kindil malaŋ ‘flame’ < *mbalaŋ melk ‘(fire or day)light’ < *(m,mb)elak kn- ‘to sleep, lie down’ < *kini(i,u)[m]- kum- ‘die’ < *kumV- md- < *mVna- ‘be, stay’ nŋ-, ng- ‘perceive, know, see, hear, etc’ < *nVŋg- kawnan ‘shadow, spirit’ < *k(a,o) nan, takn ‘moon’ < *takVn[V] magi ‘round thing, egg, fruit, etc.’ < *maŋgV ami ‘mother’ < *am(a,i,u) b ‘man’ < *ambi bapi, -ap ‘father’ < *mbapa, *ap saŋ ‘women’s dancing song’ < *saŋ ma- ‘negator’ < *ma- an ‘who’ < *[w]ani
Rai Coast Dumpu language: man- ‘be, stay’ < *mVna- mekh ‘teeth’ < *maŋgat[a] im ‘louse’ < *iman munu ‘heart’ < *mundun ‘inner organs’ kum- ‘die’ < *kumV- kono ‘shadow’ < *k(a,o)nan kini- ‘sleep’ < *kin(i,u)[m]- ra- ‘take’ < *(nd,t)a- urau ‘long’ < *k(o,u)ti(mb,p)V gra ‘dry’ < *(ŋg,k)atata
Southern Adelbert Sirva language: mun(zera) ‘be, stay’ < *mVna- kaja ‘blood’ < *kenja miku ‘brain’ < *muku simbil ‘guts’ < *simbi tipi ‘fingernail’ < *mb(i,)ut(i,u)C (metathesis) iːma ‘louse’ < *iman ibu ‘name’ < *imbi kanumbu ‘wind’ < *kumbutu mundu(ma) ‘nose’ < *mundu kaːsi ‘sand’ < *sa(ŋg,k)asiŋ apapara ‘butterfly’ < *apa(pa)ta kumu- ‘die’ < *kumV- ŋg- ‘see’ < *nVŋg-
Proto-language The following selected reconstructions of Proto-Madang by Ross (2014)Ross, Malcolm. 2014. Proto-Madang. TransNewGuinea.org. are from the Trans-New Guinea database. Proto-Trans–New Guinea reconstructions are from Andrew Pawley and Harald Hammarström (2018).
{| class="wikitable sortable" ! gloss !! Proto-Madang !! Proto-Trans–New Guinea |- ! head | *gat(a,i)(m) || *kV(mb,p)utu; mVtVna |- ! hair | *imunu || *(nd,s)umu(n,t)[V]; *iti |- ! ear | *kaun(i) || *kand(i,e)k[V] |- ! eye | *amu || *ŋg(a,u)mu; *(ŋg,k)iti-maŋgV; *nVpV |- ! nose | *mutu(gu) || *mundu |- ! tooth | *make || *titi |- ! tongue | *mele || *me(l,n)e; *mbilaŋ |- ! leg | *kani(n) || *k(a,o)nd(a,o)[C]; *kitu |- ! louse | *[n]iman || *(n)iman |- ! bird | *kVbara || *yaka[i]; *n[e]i |- ! egg | *munaka || *mun(a,e,i)ka; *maŋgV |- ! blood | *ka(d,r)a; *kara || *ke(nj,s)a |- ! bone | *kwaten || *kondaC |- ! skin | *ga(n,r)a || *(ŋg,k)a(nd,t)apu |- ! breast | *amu(na) || *amu |- ! tree | *tari || *inda |- ! woman | *na-gali(k) || *panV |- ! sky | *ku(m,b)ut || *kumut, *tumuk; *samb[V] |- ! sun | *kamali || *kamali; *ketane |- ! moon | *kalam; *takun || *kal(a,i)m; *takVn[V] |- ! water | *yag(V) || *(n)ok[V] |- ! fire | *k(a,e)dap || *k(a,o)nd(a,u)p; *inda; *kambu |- ! stone | *namanu || *[na]muna; *kamb(a,u)na |- ! name | *ibi; *wañim || *imbi; *wani |- ! eat | *(n,ñ)a || *na- |- ! one | *kati(ŋ,g)a || |- ! two | *arigita || *ta(l,t)(a,e)
Notes
References
Pawley, Ross, & Osmond, 2005. Papuan languages and the Trans New Guinea phylum. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 38–51.
CLDF Dataset Z'graggen, J A. (1980) A comparative word list of the Northern Adelbert Range Languages, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. (CLDF dataset on Zenodo )
External links ELAR archive of Documenting the Sogeram Language Family of Papua New Guinea