The Chanois coal mine is one of the main shafts of the Ronchamp coal mines, in the French commune of Ronchamp, within the Haute-Saône department, belonging to the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. It was the center of Ronchamp's coal mining operations from the late 19th century until the mines closed in 1958. It was therefore chosen as the site for the coal mine's ancillary facilities, including a coal preparation plant, a coking plant, and a power station. It succeeded the Saint Joseph shaft in 1895 and ceased mining in 1951.
At the beginning of the 21st century, many remnants of these facilities (ruins, a large concrete hopper, converted buildings, and two imposing spoil tips) remain.
Excavation Before 1873, the Ronchamp coal mining company operated in the center of the Ronchamp and Champagney coalfields. But the shafts used for this task reached the end of their production life and had to be replaced. This was the role of the Magny and Chanois shafts."Les puits de Ronchamp" archive, on Les Amis du Musée de la Mine (accessed August 7, 2012).
Excavation of the latter began on 25 August 1873, with a useful diameter of 3.20 meters. The ventilation shaft was sunk 25 meters from the former, with a diameter of 2.20 meters. A 120-meter-high casing was added to mitigate the 300 hectoliters-per-hour inflow of water. In addition to the casing, Neut et Dumont pumps were installed.
On 16 February 1877 the shaft encountered coal at depths of 580 meters, but the layer was unusable. The drilling stopped at 588 meters in the transitional ground. Research was made impossible by heavy water inflows, and the shaft remained inactive until 1895.
Exploitation Mining began in the 20th century, with production rising steadily from 100 tonnes a day in 1895 to 250 tonnes a day in 1900,Jean-Jacques Parietti 1999 (2), p. 15. and finally reaching 12,587 tonnes in 1901. Following restoration, the 120 hpÉdouard Thirria 1869, p. 186. Sainte-Pauline shaft winding engine was installed on the site, using special aloe wire ropes. This type of cable was used until the end of operations. The recette jour building was installed more than six meters above ground level, as evidenced by old postcards, plans, and the wide stone wall visible until 2014."Le puits du Chanois" archive, on Les Amis du Musée de la Mine (accessed on August 7, 2012).The compressed air used at the Magny and Chanois wells was generated by two Burckardt compressors and an older Sommeiller compressor. By 1897, these had to be replaced by new five-cubic-meter compressors powered by a 150-horsepower steam engine.Jean-Jacques Parietti 1999 (2), p. 11.
In 1902, a pump and electric lighting were installed at the bottom.Jean-Jacques Parietti 2001, p. 48. Between 1904 and 1910, a fire raged at the bottom of the mine, causing no casualties.
In 1928, an assembly was dug to the Sainte Marie Coal Mine, and in 1929, the 1,500-meter-long "Cameroun" bowette (rock tunnel) linked it to the Notre-Dame shaft. These two shafts still had exploitable coal seams, but were not equipped for extraction. In 1933, the steam engine was replaced by an electric one."La machine électrique" archive, on Les Amis du Musée de la Mine.When the French coal industry was nationalized in 1946, under the impetus of the Provisional Government led initially by Charles de Gaulle, the Ronchamp coalfield was entrusted to Électricité de France (EDF), as it was too far from the other major coalfields and included a major thermal power station.Parietti 2001, p. 73.
The Chanois shaft closed in 1951, before the Arthur de Buyer Coal Mine. In 1958, both shafts were backfilled with shale and covered with a concrete slabs.Parietti et Petitot 2005, p. 12.
Reconversion After closure, the installations were dismantled, and the muffler and air compressor were reassembled on the Etançon shaft.Parietti 2017, p. 17. The buildings were demolished between 1960 and 1963 to make way for the Germinal housing estate, comprising three blocks of flats."Vue sur la cité Germinal " archive, on abamm.org. All that remains is the ruined extraction building and the lamp factory, which retains its roof. The extraction building was finally demolished in 1980.Aerial photography missions available on Géoportail by year.
In the 2000s, the ruins consisted of the dilapidated lamproom building, a remnant wall from the well building, and several blocks of masonry and concrete in a wasteland strewn with bricks and stones. From 2011 to 2013, a construction site for six pavilions required the destruction of several remnants."Le Chanois and Recologne under the microscope" archive, on Le Pays. One of the three buildings of the Germinal housing estate was also demolished following authorization obtained on 15 November 2012."La démolition de l'immeuble actée" archive, on L'Est républicain.In 2013, only a section of the wall of the recette jour building and the lamppost building remained intact, next to the housing estate built on the site of several of the pit's buildings.
As of 2014, this wall no longer exists.
Annex facilities
The sorting-washing-screening workshops were built in 1898, replacing the small workshops from the Magny shaft. A coking plant was built between 1900 and 1920 to replace the furnaces in the Saint-Joseph shaft. It closed in 1933, while the rest of the installations remained in operation until the mines closed in 1958. The power station was operated by the Ronchamp coal mines from its construction between 1906 and 1907 until its nationalization in 1946, when it became the property of Électricité de France until its closure in 1958. The plant was expanded twice between 1910 and 1924, to reach a capacity of 30 MW. Annual production varied between 5 and 37 GWh until 1950."Les ateliers dans la plaine du Chanois" archive, on Les Amis du Musée de la Mine (accessed August 8, 2012). A few ruins of these installations (including one hopper) remained at the beginning of the 21st century,Alain Banach, "Les vestiges du triage " archive, on Les Amis du Musée de la Mine (accessed December 19, 2020). whereas the second hopper was dynamited by the army in the 1960s and left in place.(fr) "La trémie dynamitée" archive.
The company town The mining company town was built, in 1919, after World War I, initially to accommodate troops, before being used between 1923 and 1925 to house Polish immigrants. It consisted of small, temporary barracks that were still inhabited after the mine closed.Jean-Jacques Parietti 2010, p. 101."La cité du Chanois" archive. During the nationalization of the mine, the housing estate was the property of EDF, then taken over by the municipality, which rehoused the inhabitants elsewhere. It was demolished in early 1976 and replaced by a housing project in the northern part and a low-cost apartment (HLM) block in the southern part."Les corons du quartier du Chanois " [archive].
The spoil tips
Formation in mining times The Chanois shaft had a coal preparation plant, which also received products from the Magny and Arthur de Buyer Coal Mine, as well as the Etançon outcrops. As a result, there are numerous conical and flat slag heaps around these facilities, located on the Chanois plain."Image des terrils" archive. Before their exploitation in 2010, the total volume of mine waste was estimated at 1 million tonnes."Les terrils du bassin houiller de Ronchamp et Champagney" archive, on abamm.org (accessed on September 5, 2015). Some of these spoil tips undergo spontaneous internal combustion over several decades, giving them a red color."Le terril rouge" archive.
Exploitation These slag heaps, still rich in coal, were exploited by the Escaut-Énergie company between March 1985 and December 1986."Escaut-Énergie in Magny-Danigon" archive. Most of the slag heaps on the Chanois plain have disappeared (exploited as a quarry),"The disappearance of the spoil heaps" archive. particularly those near the shaft."Les terrils aujourd'hui disparus" archive.
On 17 May 2010 the Prefect of Haute-Saône authorized the exploitation of the slag heap's shales as a quarry by the limited company GDFC (granulats de Franche-Comté), on condition that the protected natural environments remain intact and that the historic sites are respected (certain slag heaps, buildings and the concrete hopper)."Autorisation d'exploitation des terrils du Chanois" archive [PDF], on haute-saone.gouv.fr. The same company had already been operating the slag heap ("Le Triage") since 1994.DREAL Franche-Comté, "Études préalables à la révision des quatre schémas départementaux des carrières " archive [PDF], on franche-comte.developpement-durable.gouv.fr, March 2011.
Fossils The spoil tips contain numerous fossils dating back to the Carboniferous period, and are unique because they group together plants living in a dry, mountain environment (Blackthorn, Ferns, Cordaites, and the first flowering plants, which are only found in the most recent layers) and in marshy lowland environments (Lepidodendron buttercup, Sigillaria, Calamites, Sphenophyllum), as well as freshwater fish.[PDF] Yves Clerget, Once upon a time... an ancient landscape: the Ronchamp coal-mining forest, Educational Service of the Cuvier Museum in Montbéliard (read online [][https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mineronchamp.fr%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F12%2F3For--tHouill--re-Rchp2018.pdf archive] ).
Natural area In the early 2000s, the SMPM association carried out an inventory of the mycoflora on the Chanois slag heaps area, which had been overtaken by birch and willow, discovering several rare species such as Pisolithus arhizus, Lactarius fuscus, and Stropharia rugosoannulata, demonstrating the importance of conserving these slag heaps. On 19 June 2007 Ronchamp town council officially announced the conservation of the north-western section of the Plaine du Chanois slag heaps and those of the Etançon mine shaft.Les terrils de Ronchamp : de la banalisation au sentier d'interprétation, SMPM (read online).[PDF] Liste rouge des champignons supérieurs de Franche-Comté, DREAL Franche-Comté, 2013 (read online archive ), p. 18. At the same time, the non-vegetated part of the site (nicknamed the "crassier") is regularly used for motocross, but this is prohibited by the Ronchamp town council due to the noise pollution it causes, offenders risk a €135 fine and confiscation of the motorcycle and its transport vehicle."Le crassier de Ronchamp" archive, on ronchamp.fr (accessed on September 5, 2015).
Reception area for travellers From 2013 to 2014, the Rahin et Chérimont Community of Communes built a reception area for Travellers to the northeast of the remaining slag heaps, next to the former coking plant. It includes eight parking areas of 80 m2 each, and three platforms for long-stay travelers, with a total usable surface area of 9,200 m2."L'aire d'accueil des gens du voyage alimentée en électricité" archive, on L'Est républicain, January 7, 2014 (accessed September 2, 2015).[PDF] Communauté de communes Rahin et Chérimont, Création d'une aire d'accueil pour les Gens du voyage et d'une aire de grand passage, Ronchamp, January 7, 2013 (read online archive ).
Photovoltaic plant