Bronica also Zenza Bronica (in Japanese: ) was a Japanese manufacturer of classic medium-format roll film cameras and photographic equipment based in Tokyo, Japan. Their single-lens reflex (SLR) system-cameras competed with Pentax, Hasselblad, Mamiya and others in the medium-format camera market.
History Before introduction of the first of what would become a dynasty of Zenza Bronica cameras in 1959, the Latinized Zenza Bronica name was already a popular Japanese luxury goods brand of the Shinkodo Works (in Japanese: ) since 1947, specialized in the production of intricate crafted and decorated personal accessories, such as metal cigarette lighters and cases, cosmetic compacts, and watches, of diverse styles and designs.
The company's founder Zenzaburō Yoshino (in Japanese: , b. 25 January 1911 — d. 23 November 1988), wherefrom the Latinized Zenza Bronica brand name is derived, was the third son born into a Japanese rice merchant family. At an early age Yoshino showed deep reverence for the technical innovation and mechanics of world-renowned cameras produced by the likes of Leica, Contax and Rollei. Both fascinated and yet increasingly frustrated by the limitations of the cameras produced at that time period, where each camera's merits and demerits were not solved by just one camera, Yoshino visioned creating a high-precision interchangeable single-lens reflex camera modular system of his own design.
Yoshino's ambition, however, would require substantial investment, which he gradually self-funded from his family business in transportation and his passion for cameras by the establishment of a small camera store in Tokyo's Kanda district. Yoshino's camera store and his immense familiarity with deluxe foreign cameras became a huge success with photography enthusiasts in Japan, buying and selling luxury Leica and Contax cameras, which also gained popularity with US Army soldiers stationed in Japan after World War II. This formed the funding basis for his founding in 1947 of the Shinkodo Works with a vision of camera production, which at first produced Bronica brand luxury art deco accessories such as cigarette lighters and cases including watches, and positioned Bronica as a luxury brand in Japanese department stores, with popularity thriving among US Army soldiers in Japan.
The Shinkodo Works was Yoshino's precursor production base and funding source for what would later serve his Bronica camera and photographic equipment manufacturing; later consolidated under the Zenza Bronica Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha (Zenza Bronica Industries, Inc) company.Canadian trade-mark data record; Application No. 0305181, Registration No. TMA156856 On 17 January 1952, the Shinkodo Works was directed by Yoshino to begin research and development of the Bronica prototype camera.
Film camera production The prototype was a modular camera named the "Yoshino Flex". In June 1956 the Shinkodo Works created its first handmade example camera, and on reaching perfection in October 1958 with Yoshino's eighth prototype camera, the development costs had reached a sum of 200 million Yen, a huge sum at that time. The final prototype bore the Latinized nameplate "ZENZA BRONICA"—the Bronica Z (Zen-za) rollfilm camera—and first appeared at the Philadelphia Camera Show in March 1959, where it received ecstatic industry press coverage and left a deep lasting impression of being the world's dream camera. The Bronica Z modular camera system, shortly later with slight modifications renamed the Zenza Bronica D (Deluxe) and successor Bronicas, using large-coverage film format, high-quality Nikkor lenses supplied by the then Japan Optical Industries Co., Ltd., (Nikon Corporation) became instant successes in the deluxe camera market worldwide. The Bronica D was the Japanese answer and first serious challenger to the Swedish Hasselblad cameras, and in several technical ways outclassed the Swedish offerings. Such was the design success of Bronica, that in the United States it attracted influential figures from the photographic industry such as Burt Keppler who met with Yoshino. Bronica later introduced optics and lens units of its own manufacture incorporating Seiko shutters with its later camera designs and held a portfolio of international patents.
Acquisition and product discontinuation Bronica was eventually acquired by the lens manufacturer Tamron Co., Ltd., in 1998 with emphasis on Bronica's optical lens manufacturing. In May 2000, Tamron introduced under the Bronica brand the RF645 rangefinder camera. Tamron discontinued the brand's single-lens reflex camera models (ETRSi, SQ-Ai, SQ-B and GS-1) between June 2002 and December 2004, sales having suffered from the lack of consideration to a digital camera back and loss of market share to digital photography and digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) cameras, particularly for the wedding and portrait photography business which had previously been a heavy user of medium-format photographic film but switched quickly to digital photography for its commercial workflow benefits. Bronica's last model, the RF645 rangefinder camera, was discontinued in September 2005, and marked the termination of the Bronica camera brand business.
Bronicas were workhorse photographic film cameras used by professional photographers for many years until the process of digital photography became widely adopted. Bronica cameras are, however, still widely used by photographers—both professional and advanced amateurs—whilst the commercial production of photographic 120 film remains available, in no small part due to superior image quality of 6x4.5, 6x6 and 6x7cm photographic film formats over smaller film (35mm) and digital image sensor formats.
JCII camera museum The Japan Camera and Optical Instruments Inspection and Testing Institute (JCII) at its camera museum located in Ichibanchō district, central Tokyo, has a selection of Bronica camera models preserved among its museum display collections; as part of the museum's designation "preserving cameras considered of historical significance".JCII Camera Museum
Bronica models Bronica SLR system-cameras employed a modular design: The major components of the camera—lens, body, film-back and viewfinder were separate and interchangeable, providing options to match the specific photography or workflow needs of the photographer.
Classic models From its start, Bronica introduced a number of 6×6 cm medium-format SLR cameras with focal plane shutter, which used Nikkor lenses from Nikon, until this line was discontinued with the introduction of the successor Bronica SQ-series. +Bronica classic models (6×6 format, focal plane shutter) colspan=2 rowspan=2 Z / D S C C2 S2 / S2A EC EC-TL / EC-TL II Dates Intro. Disc. Image Shutter Control Mechanical Electronic Speeds B+1- B+1- B+1- B+1- B+4- X-sync Dims. W×L×D Wgt. ? Notes (Z)en-za. Debuted at Philadelphia Camera Show; renamed (D)eluxe in Dec 1959 with slight modifications. (S)tandard (C)ompact, fixed back S2A introduced 1969, S2A type 2 introduced 1972 (E)lectrical (C)ontrol (E)lectrical (C)ontrol with (T)hrough-the-(L)ens aperture priority autoexposure; EC-TL II introduced Oct 1978.
In addition to the standard waist-level finder, the S2A was compatible with two eye-level prism viewfinders ("Model A" and "Model C"; the eyepiece of the "C" is tilted slightly upwards), a magnifying finder, an open-frame sports finder, and a top-down finder with through-the-lens metering. As an alternative, a prism finder ("Model B") could be inserted into the waist-level finder. Grip options included a pistol grip, which threaded onto the bottom of the camera, a hand grip ("Model L") for the left hand, and a two-handed rifle grip for telephoto lenses. Two film backs were available, in 6×6 and 6×4.5 formats; the insert for these backs could be switched between 120 and 220 film.
Notably, the Bronica EC was the first medium-format SLR camera with an electrically operated focal plane shutter (Japan Patent No.: 43/94431 24 December 1968; US Patent No. US3696727Zenza Bronica US Patent No. US3696727, Electrically Operated Focal Plane Shutter), while the EC-TL was the first medium-format camera with Aperture priority automatic exposure (AE).
The range of Nikkor lenses for these cameras reached from 30mm (fisheye) to 1200mm and comprised about 30 lenses. Lens optics supplied by Carl Zeiss in Jena, Tokyo Optical Co., Ltd., Norita optics, Komura-Komuranon (Sankyo Kohki), Schneider Kreuznach, as well as lens optics later manufactured by Bronica itself (Zenzanon) based on designs by Zeiss and Japanese lens manufacturers were available, as well as a wide range of accessories, including different film magazines, bellows, and viewfinders. +Lenses for Bronica classic models Name FL Ap. Const. Angle Min. focus Filt. Mount Wgt. Notes Ultra wide-angle lenses Nikkor-D 40 10e/8g ° 90 S Zenzanon MC 40 9e/7g ° 67 S Manufactured by Norita Optical Wide angle lenses Nikkor-O 50 8e/7g ° 77 S Zenzanon MC 50 8e/7g ° 67 S Manufactured by Norita Optical Nikkor-H 50 6e/6g ° 82 S Normal lenses Nikkor-P 75 5e/4g ° 67 S Small (internal) bayonet; also takes Ser. VIII filters. Xenotar-derived (Tronnier). Nikkor-H 75 6e/4g ° 67 S Zenzanon 75 5e/4g ° 67 S Possibly manufactured by Tokyo Optical (Topcon) Zenzanon MC 80 6e/5g ° 67 S Probably manufactured by Norita Optical Zenzanon MC 80 5e/4g ° 67 S ? Marked 'by Carl Zeiss Jena DDR' Zenzanon 100 6e/4g ° 67 S possibly manufactured by Tokyo Optical (Topcon) Nikkor-Q.LS 105 4e/3g ° 67 L In-lens leaf shutter; Tessar construction Portrait lenses Nikkor-Q 135 4e/3g ° 67 S Long focus; also takes Ser. VIII filters; Tessar construction Zenzanon 150 5e/4g ° 67 S Zenzanon MC 150 6e/6g ° ? 67 S ? Nikkor-H 180 6e/4g ° S.IX ? ? Short-mount, requires adapter tube Zenzanon MC 200 5e/5g ° 67 S Nikkor-P 200 5e/5g ° 67 S Telephoto lenses Nikkor-Q 250 4e/3g ° S.IX ? ? Short-mount, requires adapter tube Zenzanon 300 6e/5g ° 82 L Nikkor-P 300 5e/5g ° ? 67 ? ? Nikkor-T 350 3e ° S.IX ? ? Short-mount, requires adapter tube Nikkor-Q 400 4e/4g ° 122 L Focusing mount Nikkor-T 500 3e ° 110 ? ? Short-mount, requires adapter tube Nikkor-P 600 5e/4g ° 122 L Focusing mount Nikkor-P 800 5e/5g ° 122 L Focusing mount Nikkor-P 1200 5e/4g ° 122 L Focusing mount
ETR series
The ETR series is a line of advanced, compact, modular electronic 6×4.5 cm medium-format SLR camera system with a vast array of finders, film-backs, and other accessories. ETR is an acronym for (E)lectronic, (TTL)-metering, (R)eflex. In 1977 the ETR received Japan's Good Design Award.
The ETR series can be broken into three distinct generations: ETR & ETR-C: The ETR-C is identical to the ETR model except film magazine cannot be removed from film-back. ETRS & ETRC: The ETRS is an improved version of the ETR with an extra contact to support auto-exposure mode with the metered prism finder AE-II and later AE-III. The ETRS was modified in July 1982: Lens release sliding lever latch located to left side of camera side panel, film-backs released using two independent tabs. This version is reputedly referred to as the "plastic" body ETRS and film-back, for the change in the side panels of the body and film-backs to polycarbonate. Like the ETR-C, the ETRC is identical to the ETRS model except film magazine cannot be removed from film-back. ETRSi: an improved version of the ETRS with mirror lock-up capability. Capable of through-the-lens off-the-filmplane (TTL-OTF) flash exposure. Significantly improved film-back design (Si) with locking darkslide. +Bronica ETR series (645 format, leaf shutter) colspan=2 rowspan=2 ETR ETR-C ETRS ETRC ETRSi Dates Intro. Disc. Image (W×H) Shutter Control Electronic, leaf Speeds T+8- X-sync Dims. W×L×H Wgt. Notes fixed-back version of ETR fixed-back version of ETRS
Seventeen lenses with leaf shutters were made for the ETR-system from a fisheye, to four different zooms, to a 500mm super telephoto, to a unique 55mm tilt shift lens.