Amol ( ; ) is a city in the Central District of Amol County, Mazandaran province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.
Amol is located on the Haraz River bank. It is situated less than south of the Caspian Sea and less than north of the Alborz mountains. It is northeast of Tehran, and west of the provincial capital, Sari. It is one of the oldest cities in Iran, and a historic city, with its foundation dating back to the Amardi tribe, who inhabited the region in the Iron Age. Amol is the center of industry and culture of Mazandaran, the rice capital of Iran, and one of the most important cities of the transportation, agriculture, and tourism industries in Iran. It is known as the History, Science and Philosophy city, City that does not die and Hezar Sangar city.
History
Pre-Islamic era According to the city government, the name is derived from Amardi, a tribe mentioned by the Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus.
Amol is one of the most ancient cities of Iran. A number of historians and geographers believe it was established in the 1st millennium BC. Some historians have attributed the birth of the city during the reign of the mythological king Tahmuras.
Pishdadian and Amard
Some historians have associated this ancient city with the periods of the Pishdadian dynasty and the Kayanian dynasty. The people inhabiting the area before the arrival of Aryans, were known as Amards (Amui in Pahlavi),Eurasia book / 178.2 who had migrated to and settled on the Iranian Plateau between the late 2nd millennium BC and early 1st millennium BC. According to historical literature, Amol was the capital of Mazandaran, at least in the period starting from Sassanid Empire to the Ilkhanate dynasty of Mongol Empire. Though they are a Median tribe, Herodotus named the tribe Mardians as one of the ten to fifteen Persian tribes in Persis. It is now known that the only distinction between the Median Amardians and the Persian Mardians is the 'a' at the beginning of Amardians, which would mean they are two different tribes. Elsewhere, he says, one of the peoples who have trusted Darius I
Igor M. Diakonoff says that Amardians lived on the coasts of the Caspian Sea, in the distance of the Alban and Otia from the north and the Hyrcanian from the east.
Strabo says about the Tapyri that they wore black robes and had long hair, and "he who is adjudged the bravest marries whomever he wishes" (Geography 11.8 = T520a). In the history of the Persian Empire, the Mard were handsome, capable, and brave persons present in the heart of the army and were responsible for defending the commander.) The Amard helped the Achaemenid in several battles, including the invasion of Greece, the occupation of Sardis, the attack of the Medes, and at the Battle of Opis. Ibn Isfandiyar has another theory about Amol which says, at the request of his wife, Firoz Shah created a large and flourishing city named Amele.Tabaristan History Book, Page 191
Achaemenid Empire People of Amol were p, the current Caspian Sea.The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period Further evidence of the power of the Amol people is their fighting in the Battle of Thermopylae, Battle of Gaugamela and other Sardis forces in the Achaemenid Empire.Ancient history of Iran in foreign wars / 447. Quintus Curtius Rufus said, Immortals (Achaemenid Empire) Archers they were all Amard people.The Hyrcani had mustered 6000 as excellent horsemen as those nations could furnish, as well as 1000 Tapurian cavalry. The Derbices had armed 40000 foot-soldiers; most of these carried spears tipped with bronze or iron, but some had hardened the wooden shaft by fire. Curtius Rufus Quintus, history of ALEXANDER (3.2.7)
Parthian Empire During the reign of the Parthian Empire, Amol was one of the centers of Iran. It seems that Amol's reputation in the time of Alexander the Great and the Parthian period dominated the political-administrative Satrap was Hyrcanian.Parthian History Book by Igor M. Diakonoff During the Parthian period, Amol was also famous and prosperous, which was called Homo or Hamo. Parthian King Phraates I (171–173 AH) defeated the Mardas in the Amol region. He is said to have moved a group of people to the Parthian lands in northern Khorasan and settled in western Amu Darya, also known as Amol Zam.
Sasanian Empire
According to historical literature, Amol was the capital of Mazandaran during the period starting from the 3rd century AD under the Sasanian Empire to the 13/14th century AD under the Ilkhanate dynasty of Mongol Empire. Before Islam, Amol was one of the largest and most important cities in the region and was considered the center of Mazandaran. The city of Amol existed before the Sassanids and during Alexander's time. During the Sassanid era, the importance of this Amol was increased due to the escape of the followers of Mazdak to this city. Based on pieces of evidence, including the coins found during excavations in addition to Muslim historical books, Amol was the capital of Mazandaran province during the Sassanid era. On Sasanian coins, coin cities where there has been an abbreviated name is known, but the mark m was Amol. During the Bahram V, Amol was Central to Iran and during the Khosrow II and Dabuyid dynasty capital Mazandaran. Amu Darya The Sasanian Pers River is about 2,500 km long, regarded in ancient times as the boundary between Iran and Turan; the modern name may be derived from Amol.Encyclopædia Iranica -Amudarya In the city during this period, there was a Temple, Market, and fireplace there was. Ibn Rawi, in his book, calls Amol bigger than Isfahan and Qazvin.Book History Sassanian Emp
Hudud al-'Alam had said about Amol, that it was a great city with most moats and castles, the universe and the origin of merchants, and city Carpet, mats, boxwood, bowls, brick, and medallions are found.ḤODUD AL-ʿĀLAM – Encyclopædia Iranica
Herodotus in Histories, mentions the tribes of the Tabaristan, the Mard or the Amards In the time of the king Darius the Great from influential and tribespeople. During the Sassanid era, the city of Amol enjoyed development and was the center of the important province of Tabarestan. During this period, the city had infrastructures and elements such as government citadels, neighborhoods, fire temples, and bazaars and a fire temple in the area, called Avam Kuye.Herodotus (1987). The History, translated by David Gren. University of Chicago Press. . pp. 37–38.
Dabuyid dynasty and Bavand dynasty Iranian dynasty were the kings of the Sassanid dynasty; they lived in Amol, which was the city capital of these dynasties.History Iran (Sassanid Empire) The Rise and Fall of an Empire The coins of Ispahbudhan of Tabarestan and the Arab and Sassanid eras have been minted in Amol mint and sometimes in Sari. It can be argued that the mints of several cities in Mazandaran, especially Amol and Sari, such as the city of Gorgan, have been engaged in minting various coins for 1,300 years.
Islamic era Abbasid, Alid, Ziyarid, Marashis Amol, in the era of the Alid dynasties and Marashis dynasty, was the capital of Northern Iran. The inhabitants of Amol embraced Islam during the reign of Mahdi (775–785), the Abbasid Caliph. Amol was also the capital city of the Bavand dynasty and Ziyarid dynasty. The people of Amol initially resisted the Arabs. In the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth century, Amol was one of the largest cities in Iran. Khalid ibn Barmak built a palace in the city and ruled for years. People from the Qarinvand dynasty arrived a couple of years ago and fought with the Abbasid Caliphate to win the kingdom. During the Umayyad Caliphate period, during the reign of Muawiyah I, Sa'id ibn al-As undertook the conquest of Tabaristan, and with an army of 4,000 troops rushed there, and the whole war between him and Farrukhan the Great lasted for two whole years, but was postponed. The conflict lasted until Abbasid Caliphate until the attack of the Persian general Wandad Hurmuzd.
In Hudud al-'Alam, Amol is regarded as a great city with active commerce and trading ventures.Mentioned in the book, page 142 However, resentment with the Tahirids rule increased due to the oppressive activities of their officials. People of the provinces pledged alliance to Hasan ibn Zayd. Zayd became the founder of the Zaydid dynasty of Tabaristan Alavids government in Tabaristan established and it's with Amol centered and 106-year domination of the Abbasids in the territory ended.Estakhri Book, Page 169 Yaqub ibn Layth the was geostrategy in Amol. Hasan al-Utrush with a trip to Amol who re-established Zaydid rule over the province Tabaristan in northern Iran in 914, after fourteen years of Samanid rule. After the Alid dynasty, the Ziyarid dynasty ruled Iran and Tabaristan. At this time Amol was developed in such a way that geographers have written articles about the industry and its silk.Ibn Isfandiyar Tarikh-Tabaristan Book Hasan ibn Zayd, nicknamed al-Dai al-Kabir, appeared in the Tabaristan region in 250 AH, and many dissatisfied people and the captives of the Caliph Tahirid strengthened him. He invited people and published the Shiite religion. After coming to power in Tabaristan, Daei Kabir moved his capital from Sari to Amol, which was Taherian's seat.Madelung, W. (1975). "The Minor Dynasties of Northern Iran". In Frye, R.N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 198–249. . In 260 A.D., Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar marched on Tabaristan and entered Amol after the departure of Hassan ibn Zayd, but his rule did not last long and the Alavids recaptured the city again. The Alawites ruled the city until Ziyarid and Buyid, who were the handmaidens of the Shiites. The people of Amol were very militant and stood up to the Arabs, but social injustice and class divisions led the people to convert to Islam.Bosworth, C.E. (1975). "The Ṭāhirids and Ṣaffārids". In Frye, R.N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 90–135.
Qabus was in 1012 overthrown by his own army and was succeeded by his son Manuchihr, who quickly recognized the sovereignty of Mahmud of Ghazni and married one of his daughters. Manuchihr died in 1031 and was succeeded by his son Anushirvan Sharaf al-Ma'ali, whom Mahmud of Ghazni had chosen as the heir of the Ziyarid dynasty. From 1032 to 1040, the real power behind the throne was held by Abu Kalijar ibn Vayhan, a relative of Anushirvan Sharaf al-Ma'ali. During this period, Amol was chosen as the capital of Iran until 1090. He also had the first seminary by Hasan al-Utrush built in Amol, which was later named Imam Hassan Askari Mosque. The subsequent Afrasiyab dynasty flourished in the late medieval, pre-Safavid period; it is also called the Kia dynasty. It was founded by Kiya Afrasiyab, who conquered the Bavand kingdom in 1349 and made himself king of the region, in Amol.ĀL-E AfrasiabAmol boasts numerous ancient sites In this period Sheikh Khalifa Mazandarani of Amol was a leader Sarbadars.Peter Jackson (1986). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume Six: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. During the ministry of Nizam al-Mulk in the Seljuq Empire, Amol and other big cities of that time such as Nishapur, Balkh, Herat, Baghdad and Isfahan had a prestigious Nizamiyya.Ed(s). "al- Niẓāmiyya, al- Madrasa." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010, retrieved 20(03/2010)
Safavid era In the time of the Safavid rulers of Mazandaran, Amol experienced a period of growth. The city was the favorite dwelling of Abbas II of Persia, who often frequented it. At the time Amol was considered "the capital of the inhabited world" and acclaimed for its grandeur. Several bridges were built in the area across the Haraz River at this time.