Northern Adelbert languages

The Northern Adelbert or Pihom–Isumrud languages are a family of twenty languages in the Madang stock of New Guinea. The occupy the coastal northern Adelbert Range of mountains directly opposite Karkar Island, as opposed to the Southern Adelbert languages, another branch of Madang.

Malcolm Ross posited a "linkage" connecting the Northern Adelbert languages with the Mabuso languages, and named this group Croisilles , as the two families bracket Cape Croisilles (Northern Adelbert to the north, Mabuso to the south). However, Ross never claimed Croisilles was an actual language family, and other researchers have rejected the connection.

Languages There are approximately 20 Northern Adelbert languages.

Below is a comparison of Northern Adelbert language names in Pick (2020) and Z'graggen (1980).Z'graggen, J.A. A comparative word list of the Northern Adelbert Range languages, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. D-31, xvi + 194 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1980. A few alternate names from Capell (1952) are also given.Capell, Arthur. 1952. Languages of the Bogia District, New Guinea. Oceania 22(2), 130-147; 22(3), 178-207.

Pick (2020) Z'graggen (1980) ISO 639-3 Amako Korak koz Barem Bunabun (Z'graggen 1980), Bunubun (Capell 1952) buq Bargam Mugil mlp Bepour Bepour bie Gavak Dimir dmc Hember Avu Musar (Z'graggen 1980),Amben (Petir et al 1996Petir, Amova, Dum Materem, Pakong Yapong, Sakel Mukarek, Moyang Okira, & Tim Platts-Mills. 1996. Useful Plants of Salembem Village, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. Madang: Kristen Pres.),Vanembere (Capell 1952) mmi Karian Bilakura bql Kobol Koguman kgu Kowaki Kowaki xow Maia Pila,Saki sks Maiani Tani tnh Mala Pay ped Miani Tani (Z'graggen 1980),Banar (Capell 1952) pla Manep Malas mkr Mauwake Ulingan mhl Mawak Mawak mjj Moere Moere mvq Mokati Wanambre wnb Pal Abasakur abw Pamosu Hinihon hih Parawen Parawen prw Ukuriguma Ukuriguma ukg Usan Wanuma wnu Waskia Waskia wsk Yaben Yaben ybm Yarawata Yarawata yrw

Classification Croisilles was first posited by Malcolm Ross (1995), not as an actual language family, but as a linkage. It was a merger of Wurm's Pihom-Isumrud-Mugil and Mabuso stocks, each of which contained 25–30 languages. Pick (2017, 2020) and Usher reject the merger, and provisionally the inclusion of Mugil (Bargam), though Pick retains the name. Usher disambiguates the (non-Mabuso) family as 'Adelbert Range'.

Usher (2020) Timothy Usher classifies the languages as follows.Usher, Timothy. 2020. Adelbert Range – Isumrud Strait (NewGuineaWorld)

Adelbert Range – Isumrud Strait Kowan (Isumrud Strait): Waskia, Korak (Amako) (North) Adelbert Range Yamben Omosan (Omosa River): Pal (Abasakur), Kobol (Koguman) Gilagil River (old Isumrud proper) Dimir (Gavak) [old Mabuan]: Brem (Bunabun), Malas (Manep) Northwest Adelbert Range (Mount Pihom) Kaukombar River: Mala (Pay), Miani (Maiani, Tani), Maia (Pila, Saki) Kumil–Timper Kumil River: Bepour, Mauwake (Ulingan), Moere Tiboran River (Timper River): Musar; Wanambre; Kowaki, Mawak, Pamosu (Hinihon) Mabulap–Numugen Amaimon (Mabulap) isolate Numugen River (see)

Pick (2020) Below is Andrew Pick's (2020) classification of the Northern Adelbert languages.

Northern Adelbert languages Manep–Barem languages: Manep, Barem Kumil–Tibor languages Kumil languages: Mauwake, Bepour, Moere Tibor languages: Pamosu, Hember Avu, Mokati, Mawak, Kowaki Numugen languages: Usan, Karian, Yaben, Yarawata, Parawen, Ukuriguma Kaukombar languages: Maia, Mala, Miani, Maiani Gavak

Pick (2017) A quite similar internal classification was worked out independently by Pick (2017). (video) Pick could not establish regular sound correspondences with Kobol–Pal (Omosan) or Amaimon (Mabulap), and thus leaves them out of the family.

Northern Adelbert Kumil–Tibor (*t- > s, *p- > f, *ŋ > zero) Tibor [*-n > zero, *a > e] Mokati (Wanambre) (*k- > h, *C- > [−voice]) Kowaki, Mawak, Pamosu, Hember Avu (Musar) Kumil [*k- *t- > , *C- > [−voice], *-k > zero]: Bepour, Mauwake, Moere Kaukombar [*k- *ŋ *-n > zero]: Mala, Miani, Maiani, Maia Manep–Barem [*-ŋ > n, *-g > ŋ, *wV > u] Manep (Malas) Barem (Brem) Gabak (Dimir) Numugen (*ŋ > n, 6 languages) Amako–Waskia: Waskia, Korak

Pick notes that Barem and Malas share pronominal markers on the verbs 'to teach' and 'to show' that are unique to those two verbs.

Proto-language

A phonological reconstruction of Proto-Northern Adelbert has been proposed by Pick (2020).

Phonology Pick (2020) reconstructs the phonemes of Proto-Northern Adelbert as:

labial alveolar palatal velar unvoiced stops *p *t *k voiced stops *b *d *g nasals *m *n *ŋ fricatives *s laterals *l rhotics *r glides *w *y

Four vowels are reconstructed by Pick (2020): *a, *e, *i, *u. Although Northern Adelbert languages usually have the five vowels /a e i o u/, Pick (2020) does not consider *o to be reconstructable.

Pronouns The Proto-Northern Adelbert pronouns are:

SG PL 1 *ye *yin 2 *ne *nin 3 *we *win

Lexicon Selected lexical reconstructions from Pick (2020) are listed below.

+ Animal names gloss Proto-Northern Adelbert ant *mudir ant sp. *susur bird *muga(n/ŋ) bird *nebek centipede *wisir chicken *teteri crayfish *areker crocodile *tuar eel *melik fly (insect) *kuduruk flying fox *kepak flying fox *malabuŋ frog *idik grasshopper *takaw grasshopper *usa hornbill *baram leech *udir(a/e)m louse *gun mosquito *kasin night bird *mum night bird of prey *kilal palm cockatoo *k(a/e)kawin pig *buruk pig, marsupial game animal *wa pitpit *pia snake *duag sunfly *sisimur Victoria crowned pigeon *maur

+ Plant names gloss Proto-Northern Adelbert aibika greens *iruar aibika greens *maiw bamboo *bik banana *kudi betel pepper vine *kupi breadfruit *kidar coconut *keta firefly *magam mango *pai mushroom *mutar sago *kamar stinging nettle (Tok Pisin: salat) *k(u/a)bum sugarcane *kai taro *mam tree *ŋam tree sp. (Tok Pisin: mangas) *teber tulip tree *kuari type of greens *muduru

+Material culture gloss Proto-Northern Adelbert adze/axe *ben bow *kemi canoe *wag hand drum *wag house post *bugaŋ kundu drum *kibem loincloth *siruw platform, bed *badim signal drum, ironwood tree *baner spear *uyaw village *kuaw

Comparisons Below is a list of Proto-Northern Adelbert forms that are descended from Proto-Trans–New Guinea.

gloss Proto-Northern Adelbert Proto-Trans–New Guinea arm, hand *waben *mbena older brother *bab *[mb]amba blood *ked *ke(nj,s)a heart *gemaŋ *kamu neck, nape *kumaŋ *kuma(n, ŋ) mosquito *kasin *kasin die *um- *kumV- sleep *in- *kin(i,u)[m]- know, hear, see *ag- 'see' *nVŋg- NEG *me (+verb) *ma- (+verb) water *yag *ok[V] leaf *tak *sasak

References

Northern Adelbert languages

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