Spongilla is a genus of freshwater sponges. They can be found on submerged objects in clean lakes, ponds, streams, and rivers. Spongilla was first publicly recognized in 1696 by Leonard Plukenet and described by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck in 1816. The type species is Spongilla lacustris, described by Carl Linnaeus.
Spongilla have a leuconoid body form with a skeleton composed of siliceous spicules. They are sessile organisms, attaching themselves to hard substrate such as rocks, logs, and sometimes to ground. Using their ostia and osculum, these sponges filter the water for small aquatic organisms such as protozoans, bacteria, and other free-floating pond life. Sponges of the genus Spongilla partake in symbiotic relationships with the green algae, zoochlorellae, which gives the sponges a green appearance, and without which they would appear white.
Spongilla was used by John Hogg in the 19th century to attempt to justify a fourth kingdom of life.
Reproduction Spongilla are hermaphrodites, producing egg and sperm. Sperm is released from one sponge and brought in through the ostia of another sponge. Once the sperm reaches the body cavity it fertilizes an egg, which develops into a free-swimming larva. The free-swimming larvae are released out the osculum and will eventually settle and attach elsewhere. Since the larvae are developed inside the spongilla, it is viviparous.
Unlike marine sponges, freshwater sponges are exposed to far more variable environmental conditions, so they have developed gemmules as an overwintering mechanism. This is a form of asexual reproduction. When exposed to environmental factors such as cooler water in the fall, or triggered by endogenous factors in the summer, the sponges form gemmules. Gemmules are highly resistant buds that can live dormant for extended periods of time. When conditions improve, the gemmules "germinate", and a new sponge is born.
Species Spongilla alba Carter, 1849 Spongilla arctica Annandale, 1915 Spongilla cenota Penney & Racek, 1968 Spongilla chaohuensis Cheng, 1991 Spongilla gutenbergiana Müller, Zahn & Maidhof, 1982 Spongilla helvetica Annandale, 1909 Spongilla jiujiangensis Cheng, 1991 Spongilla lacustris Linnaeus, 1758 Spongilla mucronata Topsent, 1932 Spongilla permixta Weltner, 1895 Spongilla prespensis Hadzische, 1953 Spongilla sarasinorum Weltner, 1901 Spongilla shikaribensis Sasaki, 1934 Spongilla stankovici Arndt, 1938 Spongilla wagneri Potts, 1889
References Footnotes
Bibliography Myers, P., R. Espinosa, C. S. Parr, T. Jones, G. S. Hammond, and T. A. Dewey. 2006. The Animal Diversity Web (online). Accessed February 19, 2007 at http://animaldiversity.org.
External links
Integrated Taxonomica Information System (ITIS): Spongilla Lamarck, 1816 Taxonomic Serial No.: 47692 National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI): Spongilla Taxonomy ID: 6054