The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and parts of Italy and Spain.
There is a slow trend to return to the local name, which has been going on for a long time. In English Livorno is now used, the old English form of Leghorn having become antiquated at least a century ago. In some cases, such as the replacement of Danzig with Gdańsk, the official name has been changed more recently. Since 1995, the government of Ukraine has encouraged the use of Kyiv rather than Kiev.
I English name Other names or former names Iași Iași (Romanian*), Iasi - 이아시 (Korean*), Iásio - Ιάσιο (Greek*), Iassium (Latin*), Iassy (French variant*, Historical variant*), Iassi (Historical variant*), Jaš - Јаш (Serbian*), Yash - Яш (Bulgarian), Jasai (Lithuanian*), Jasi' (Latvian*), Jaši - Јаши (Serbian alternative*), Jassenmarkt (archaic German), Jassi (archaic Italian), Jassy (English variant*, German*, Polish*,), Jassy - Яссы (Russian*), Jassy - Ясси (Ukrainian), Jasy (Czech*, Slovak*), Jászvásár (Hungarian*), Yaş (Turkish*), Yas - (Yiddish*), Yashi (Romani*), Yashi - (Japanese*), Yassi (Historical variant*), Yassy (Historical variant*), Yǎxī - 雅西 (Mandarin Chinese*), Yosh - (Yiddish alternative) Iglesias Esglésies* or Iglésies* (Catalan), Igeullesiaseu / Igŭllesiasŭ - 이글레시아스 (Korean), Iglesias (Italian*, Romanian*, Spanish*), Igresias (Sardinian)*, Is Cresias (former Sardinian)*, Villa di Chiesa (former Italian)* Iisalmi Iisalmi (Finnish)*, Idensalmi (Swedish)* IJlstDrylts (Western Frisian*), Ielst (Low Saxon*), IJlst (Dutch*) IJsselsteinEiselsteinas (Lithuanian), Iesselstein (Low Saxon*, Zeelandic*), IJsselstein (Dutch*), Iselstein (Western Frisian*) IJzendijkeEizendeikė (Lithuanian), Iezendieke (Zeelandic*), IJzendijke (Dutch*), Ysendyck (French*), Yzendyke (West Flemish*) Ilanz Glion (Romansh)*, Ilanz (German)* IlavaIlava (Slovak*), Illau (German*), Illava (Hungarian*) Inari Aanaar (Inari Sami), Anaar (Skolt Sami), Anár (Northern Sami)*, Enare (Swedish)*, Inari (Finnish)*, Inari – ინარი (Georgian*), Inari - 이나리 (Korean) Innsbruck Dispruch (Ladin), Innsbruck (Finnish*, German*, Romanian*), Innzbruk (Hungarian), Inomost (Old Slovene)*, Innomostí* / Inšpruk* (Czech), Insbruka (Latvian)*, Insbrukas (Lithuanian)*, Insbruk'i – ინსბრუკი (Georgian*), Insbruque (Portuguese)*, Inseubeurukeu / Insŭbŭruk'ŭ - 인스브루크 (Korean), Insuburukku - インスブルック (Japanese)*, Inzbrik (Yiddish), Inzbruk (Serbian)*, Puntina (Romansh), 因斯布鲁克 (Chinese) Ioannina Giannina (Italian)*, Ianina (Aromanian, Romanian*), Ioánnina - Ιωάννινα (Greek)*, Janina (Czech*, Finnish*, Lithuanian*, Portuguese*), Janinë* / Janina* (Albanian), Janjina - Јањина (Serbian)*, Joanina (Portuguese variant)*, Yánena - Γιάννενα* and Yánina - Γιάννινα* (Greek variants), Yanina (Azeri)*, Yanya (Turkish)* Inverness Inbhir Nis (Scots Gaelic)*, Inbhear Nis (Irish)*, Inbeoneseu / Inbŏnesŭ - 인버네스 (Korean), 因華尼斯 (Chinese-HK), 因弗內斯 (Chinese-PRC)* Iraklion See Heraklion Istanbul Carigrad (Slovene), Estambol (Ladino)*, Estambul (Spanish)*, İstanbul (Azeri*, Turkish*), Iostanbúl (Irish), Iseutanbul or Isŭt'anbul – 이스탄불 (Korean), Isutambūru - イスタンブール (Japanese)*, Istamboul (French alternate)*, Istambul Portuguese*), Istambuł* or Stambuł* (Polish), Истамбул or Цариград (Bulgarian) استانبول = Estānbol (Persian*), Istanboel (Afrikaans, Dutch*), Isṭanbūl – إسطنبول (Arabic)*, Istanbul (Bosnian*, Croatian*, Czech*, German*, French*, Italian*, Ladino alternate *, Maltese, Romanian*, Serbian* Tagalog*), Isztambul (Hungarian)*, Konstantinúpolis – Κωνσταντινούπολις* or I Póli – Η Πόλη* (i.e. "The City") (Greek), Mikligarður (Icelandic)*, Stamboll (Albanian)*, Stamboul (French alternate [old, rare])*, Stambul – Ստամբուլ (Armenian)*, Stambul – Стамбу́л (Russian*, Ukrainian*), Stambula (Latvian)*, Stambulas (Lithuanian)*, St'ambuli – სტამბული (Georgian*), Stenbol (Kurdish)*, Sztambul (old Hungarian)*, Yīsītǎnbǎo 伊斯坦堡* or Yīsītǎnbù'ěr 伊斯坦布爾* (Chinese)
Former names: Asitane, Dersaadet, Estambul, Konstantiniye, Konstantinopyla, Kospoli, Kostan, Kushta, Kushtandina or Payitaht (Payitaht, from Persian پایتخت simply means "Capital City", taht meaning "throne"; Turkish variants during Ottoman period), Beasantian or Baile Chòiseam (Scottish Gaelic), an Bhiosáint or Cathair Chonstaintín (Irish), Bysans* or Byzantion* or Konstantinopel* (Swedish), Bysants* or Konstantinopel* (Norwegian), Bizanc* or Carigrad* or Konstantinopel* (Slovene), Bizánc* or Konstantinápoly* (Hungarian), Bizanci* or Constantinoble* (Catalan), Bizancio* or Constantinopla* (Spanish), Bizâncio* or Constantinopla* (Portuguese), قسطنطنیه = Qostantaniyeh (Persian), Biżanzju or Kostantinopli (Maltese), Bizancjum* or Carogród* or Konstantynopol* (Polish), Bizans* or Qüstəntiniyyə* (Azeri), Bizant*, Carigrad* or Konstantinopol* (Croatian), Bizanţ*, Constantinopol*, Constantinopole*, Stambul* or Ţarigrad* (Romanian), Bisanzio* or Costantinopoli* (Italian),Byzance* or Constantinople* or Stamboul* (French), Byzantion* or Cařihrad* or Konstantinopol* (Czech), Byzantium* or Constantinopolis* (Latin), Byzantium * or Constantinople* (English), Byzanz* or Byzantion* or Konstantinopel* (German), Caergystennin (Welsh)*, Caregrad – Царегра́д, Carjgrad – Царьгра́д, Carjgorod – Царьгород, Vizantij – Виза́нтий or Konstantinopolj – Константино́поль (Russian)*, Carigrad* or Konstantinopolj* or Stambol* (Serbian), Carihrad* or Konštantínopol* (Slovak), Constantinopel (Dutch)*, Konseutantinopolliseu or K'onsŭt'ant'inop'ollisŭ – 콘스탄티노폴리스 (Korean), Konstantínópel (Icelandic)*, Konstantinopla (Tagalog*), K'onst'ant'inop'oli – კონსტანტინოპოლი (Georgian*), Konstantinopoli (Finnish*), Konsutantinōpuru – コンスタンティノープル (Japanese)*, Kostandnoubolis – Կոստանդնուպոլիս* (Armenian), Miklagård (old Swedish)*, Miklagarðr (Old Norse), Qushta – קושטא/איסטנבול (Hebrew)*, Vizántion – Βυζάντιον* or Konstantinoupoli – Κωνσταντινούπολη* (Greek), Bàizhàntíng – 拜占庭 or Jūnshìtǎndīngbǎo – 君士坦丁堡 (Chinese)*, Tsarigrad – Цариград (Bulgarian)* Ivalo Avveel (Inari Sami)*, Âˊvvel (Skolt Sami)*, Avvil (Northern Sami)*, Ivalo (Finnish)* Ivangorod Ivangorod – Ивангород (Russian)*, Jaanilinn (Estonian)*, Iivananlinna (Finnish) Ivano-Frankivsk Ivano-Frankivsjk – Івано-Франківськ (Ukrainian)*, Ivano-Frankovsk – Ивано-Франковск (Russian)*, Iwano-Frankowsk (Polish)*, İvano-Frankovsk (Turkish)*, Ivano-Frankivskas (Lithuanian)*, Ivano-prank'ivsk'i – ივანო-ფრანკივსკი (Georgian*), Iwano-Frankiwsk (German)*, Stanislau (former German)*, Stanislavov - Станиславов (former Russian)*, Stanislavovas (former Lithuanian)*, Stanislev - (Yiddish)*, Stanisławów (former Polish)*, Stanyslaviv - Станиславів (former Ukrainian)* IzegemIseghem (French*), Izegem (Dutch*), Izegemas (Lithuanian), Yzegem (West Flemish*)
J English name Other names or former names Jablonec nad Nisou Gablonz an der Neiße (German)*, Jabłonec nad Nysą (Polish)* Jablunkov Jabłonków (Polish)*, Jablunkov (Czech)*, Jablunkau (German)* Jakobstad Jakobstad (Swedish)*, Pietarsaari (Estonian*, Finnish*) Jarosław Jaroslau (German)*, Jaroslav (Czech), Jarosław (Polish)*, Yareslev - (Yiddish)*, Jaroslav - Ярослав (Russian)*, 雅羅斯拉夫 (Chinese) Jastrzębie-Zdrój Jastrzębie-Zdrój (Polish)*, Bad Königsdorff-Jastrzemb (German)*, Ястшембе-Здруй (Russian)* JelšavaAlnovia (Latin), Eltsch (German*), Ilsau (archaic German), Jelschau (archaic German), Jelšava (Slovak*), Jelšava – Јелшава (Serbian*), Jolsva (Hungarian*) Jelgava Elgava – ელგავა (Georgian*), Jelgava (Latvian, Lithuanian)*, Mintauja (Old Lithuanian)*, Mitau (German)*, Mitava - Митава* / Jelgava - Елгава* (Russian), Mitawa (Polish)* Jena Iéna (French)*, Iena (Portuguese*, Romanian*), Jena (German)*, Iena - Ιένα (Greek)*, Jéna (Hungarian)*, Jjena - Йена (Russian)* 耶拿 (Chinese) Jihlava Iglau (German)*, Igława (Polish)*, Jihlava (Czech)* Jodoigne Djodogne (Walloon*), Geldenaken (Dutch*), Geldenaeken (Zeelandic*), Geldoniacum (Latin*) Jodoigne (French*) JokkmokkDálvvadis (Lule Sami alternate), Jåhkåmåhkke (Lule Sami), Johkamohkki (Northern Sami)*, Jokimukka (Finnish)*, Jokinmukka, (Meänkieli), Jokkmokk (Swedish)* Jülich Gulik (Dutch), Jülich (English, German), Juliers (French) Jurbarkas Jurbarkas (Lithuanian)*, Georgenburg* / Jurgenburg* / Eurburg* (German), Jurborg / Jurburg' / Yurburg / Yurberig / Yurbrik (Yiddish)*, Jurbarkas (Samogitian)*
K English name Other names or former names Kajaani K'aiaani – კაიაანი (Georgian*), Kajaani (Finnish)*, Kajana (Swedish)* Kaliningradafter 2023: Królewiec (Polish)*
after 1946: Kaliningrado / Calininegrado (Portuguese variants)*, Kaliningrad - Калининград (Bulgarian*, Russian*), Kalininhrad - Калінінград (Belarusian*, Ukrainian*), Kalíngrad (Icelandic)*, Kaliningrad (Finnish*, Romanian*, Maltese, Swedish*, Turkish*), Kaliningrad - Καλίνινγκραντ (Greek)*, Kaliningrad* (Polish), Kaliningradas, Karaliaučius (Lithuanian)*, Kalėningrads, Karaliaučios (Samogitian)*, Kaļiņingrada (Latvian)*, Kaliningrado (Portuguese*, Spanish*), Kalinjingrad (Croatian) *, Kalinyingrád, Königsberg (Hungarian)*, Kaljinjingrad - Каљињинград (Serbian)*, Karīningurādo - カリーニングラード (Japanese)*, Jiālǐnìnggélè - 加里寧格勒 (Chinese).
before 1946: Königsberg (German*, Hungarian*), Kunnegsgarbs, Twangste (Old Prussian), Karaliaučius (Lithuanian)*, Karaliaučios (Samogitian)*, Kēnigsberga, Karaļauči (Latvian)*, Keningsbergen (West Frisian*), Keunigsbarg (Low Saxon)*, Koningsbergen (Dutch)*, Královec (Czech)*, Królewiec (Polish)*, Karalaviec - Каралявец (Belarusian)*, Kionigsberg - Кёнигсберг, Korolevets - Короле́вец (Russian)*, Kenigsberg - (Yiddish)*, Kēnihisuberuku - ケーニヒスベルク (Japanese)*, Kēnísībǎo - 柯尼斯堡 (Chinese), Kenixvérghi - Καινιξβέργη (Greek)*, Conisberga, Konigsberga (Portuguese)*, Regiomontium (Latin)* KalixCalix (former Swedish)*, Gáinnas (Northern Sami)*, Gájnaj (Lule Sami), Gálás (Northern Sami alternate), Kainus (Meänkieli), Kainuu (Finnish)*, Kalix (Swedish)*, Kôlis (local Swedish)* Kamenz Kamenz (German)*, Kamjenc (Upper Sorbian) Kamianets-Podilskyi Kamaniçe (Turkish), Camenecium (Latin)*, Cameniţa (Romanian)*, Kamenets - (Yiddish)*, Kamenec-Podoljskij - Каменец-Подольский (Russian)*, Kamieniec Podolski (Polish)*, Kamjanecj-Podiljsjkyj, otherwise transcribed as Kamyanets'-Podil's'kyi or Kamyanets-Podilskyi - Кам’янець-Подільський (Ukrainian)*, Kamjanets-Podilskyi (Finnish)*, Kamenyec-Podolszkij (Hungarian)*, Kamyanets-Podilskıy (Crimean Tatar) Kamianske Kamenskoe (former German)*, Kamenskoe - Каменское (Russian), Kamenskoye (former English), Kamianske (English, French, Portuguese, Romanian), K'amiansk'e – კამიანსკე (Georgian*), Kamianskė (Lithuanian), Kamianské (Spanish), Kamianske - Кам'янскэ (Belarusian), Kamienskaje - Каменскае (Taraškievica Belarusian), Kamieńskie (Polish), Kamjanske (Czech, Dutch, Estonian, German, Latvian), Kamjanszke (Hungarian), Kamyanske (Crimean Tatar, Turkish), Kamian'ske - Камяньске (Rusyn), Kam'ians'ke - Кам'янське (Ukrainian) in 1936-2016: