The 18th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C., from March 4, 1823, to March 4, 1825, during the seventh and eighth years of James Monroe's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1820 United States census. Both chambers had a Democratic-Republican majority.
Major events
August 1823: Arikara War fought between the Arikara nation and the United States, the first American military conflict with the Plains Indians. December 2, 1823: Monroe Doctrine: President James Monroe delivered a speech to the Congress, announcing a new policy of forbidding European interference in the Americas and establishing American neutrality in future European conflicts. February 9, 1825: John Quincy Adams elected as President of the United States by the House of Representatives in accordance with the contingent election provision of the Twelfth Amendment, as no candidate had received a majority of the electoral votes cast in the 1824 presidential election. The House was required to choose between Adams, Andrew Jackson, and William Crawford (the top three presidential electoral-vote recipients), with the delegation from each of the 24 states having one vote. Adams was elected on the first ballot by 13 to 7 to 4.
{| class="wikitable" ! | States for Adams ! | States for Jackson ! | States for Crawford |-style="vertical-align:top" | Connecticut Illinois Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Missouri New Hampshire New York Ohio Rhode Island Vermont | Alabama Indiana Mississippi New Jersey Pennsylvania South Carolina Tennessee | Delaware Georgia North Carolina Virginia |- | |Total: 13 (54%) | |Total: 7 (29%) | |Total: 4 (17%)
Major legislation
January 7, 1824: Tariff of 1824, Sess. 1, ch. 4, March 3, 1825: Crimes Act of 1825, Sess. 2, ch. 65,
Party summary The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this Congress, and includes members from vacancies and newly admitted states, when they were first seated. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the "Changes in membership" section. The 18th Congress was the final one in which members sat who are identified with the First Party System and the Federalist Party.
Senate Affiliation Party(Shading indicates majority caucus) Total Democratic-Republican(DR) Federalist(F) Vacant End of previous Congress 43 4 47 1 Begin 42 3 45 3 End 43 5 48 0 Final voting share 89.6% 10.4% Beginning of next Congress Jacksonian: 25 45 3 Adams Republican: 20
House of Representatives
Affiliation Party(Shading indicates majority caucus) Total Democratic-Republican Federalist Vacant Adams-Clay(A-DR) Crawford(C-DR) Jackson(J-DR) Adams-Clay(A-F) Crawford(C-F) Jackson(J-F) End of previous Congress 154 31 185 2 Begin 71 53 64 15 2 7 212 1 End 72 213 0 Final voting share 88.7% 11.3% Beginning of next Congress Jacksonian: 104 213 0 Adams Republican: 109
Leadership
Senate President: Daniel D. Tompkins (DR) President pro tempore: John Gaillard (DR)
House of Representatives Speaker: Henry Clay (DR)
Members This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and representatives are listed by district. Skip to House of Representatives, below
Senate
Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring re-election in 1826; Class 2 meant their term began with this Congress, requiring re-election in 1828; and Class 3 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring re-election in 1824.
Alabama 2. William R. King (DR) 3. William Kelly (DR)
Connecticut 1. Elijah Boardman (DR), until August 18, 1823 Henry W. Edwards (DR), from October 8, 1823 3. James Lanman (DR)
Delaware 1. Thomas Clayton (F), from January 8, 1824 2. Nicholas Van Dyke (F), from January 7, 1824
Georgia 2. Nicholas Ware (DR), until September 7, 1824 Thomas W. Cobb (DR), from December 6, 1824 3. John Elliott (DR)
Illinois 2. Jesse B. Thomas (DR) 3. Ninian Edwards (DR), until March 4, 1824 John McLean (DR), from November 23, 1824
Indiana 1. James Noble (DR) 3. Waller Taylor (DR)
Kentucky 2. Richard M. Johnson (DR) 3. Isham Talbot (DR)
Louisiana 2. Henry Johnson (DR), until May 27, 1824 Dominique J. Bouligny (DR), from November 19, 1824 3. James Brown (DR), until December 10, 1823 Josiah S. Johnston (DR), from January 15, 1824
Maine 1. John Holmes (DR) 2. John Chandler (DR)
Maryland 1. Samuel Smith (DR) 3. Edward Lloyd (DR)
Massachusetts 1. Elijah H. Mills (F) 2. James Lloyd (F)
Mississippi 1. David Holmes (DR) 2. Thomas H. Williams (DR)
Missouri 1. Thomas H. Benton (DR) 3. David Barton (DR)
New Hampshire 2. Samuel Bell (DR) 3. John F. Parrott (DR)
New Jersey 1. Joseph McIlvaine (DR), from November 12, 1823 2. Mahlon Dickerson (DR)
New York 1. Martin Van Buren (DR) 3. Rufus King (F)
North Carolina 2. John Branch (DR) 3. Nathaniel Macon (DR)
Ohio 1. Benjamin Ruggles (DR) 3. Ethan Allen Brown (DR)
Pennsylvania 1. William Findlay (DR) 3. Walter Lowrie (DR)
Rhode Island 1. James DeWolf (DR) 2. Nehemiah R. Knight (DR)
South Carolina 2. Robert Y. Hayne (DR) 3. John Gaillard (DR)
Tennessee 1. John H. Eaton (DR) 2. Andrew Jackson (DR)
Vermont 1. Horatio Seymour (DR) 3. William A. Palmer (DR)
Virginia 1. James Barbour (DR) 2. John Taylor (DR), until August 21, 1824 Littleton W. Tazewell (DR), from December 7, 1824
House of Representatives
The names of representatives are preceded by their district numbers.
Alabama . Gabriel Moore (DR-J) . John McKee (DR-J) . George W. Owen (DR-J)
Connecticut All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket. . Noyes Barber (DR-A) . Samuel A. Foot (DR-A) . Ansel Sterling (DR-A) . Ebenezer Stoddard (DR-A) . Gideon Tomlinson (DR-A) . Lemuel Whitman (DR-A)
Delaware . Louis McLane (F-C)
Georgia All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket. . Joel Abbot (DR-C) . George Cary (DR-C) . Thomas W. Cobb (DR-C), until December 6, 1824 Richard Henry Wilde (DR-C), from February 7, 1825 . Alfred Cuthbert (DR-C) . John Forsyth (DR-C) . Edward F. Tattnall (DR-C) . Wiley Thompson (DR-C)
Illinois . Daniel P. Cook (DR-A)
Indiana . William Prince (DR-J), until September 8, 1824 Jacob Call (DR-J), from December 23, 1824 . Jonathan Jennings (DR-J) . John Test (DR-J)
Kentucky . David Trimble (DR-A) . Thomas Metcalfe (DR-A) . Henry Clay (DR-A) . Robert P. Letcher (DR-A) . John T. Johnson (DR-J) . David White (DR-A) . Thomas P. Moore (DR-J) . Richard A. Buckner (DR-A) . Charles A. Wickliffe (DR-J) . Francis Johnson (DR-A) . Philip Thompson (DR-A) . Robert P. Henry (DR-J)
Louisiana . Edward Livingston (DR-J) . Henry H. Gurley (DR-A) . William L. Brent (DR-A)
Maine . William Burleigh (DR-A) . Stephen Longfellow (F-A) . Ebenezer Herrick (DR-A) . Joshua Cushman (DR-A) . Enoch Lincoln (DR-A) . Jeremiah O'Brien (DR-A) . David Kidder (DR-A)
Maryland The 5th district was a plural district with two representatives. . Raphael Neale (F-A) . Joseph Kent (DR-A) . Henry R. Warfield (F-A) . John Lee (F-J) . Peter Little (DR-J) . Isaac McKim (DR-J) . George E. Mitchell (DR-A) . William Hayward Jr. (DR-C) . John S. Spence (DR-A)
Massachusetts . Daniel Webster (F-A) . Benjamin W. Crowninshield (DR-A) . Jeremiah Nelson (F-A) . Timothy Fuller (DR-A) . Jonas Sibley (DR-A) . John Locke (DR-A) . Samuel C. Allen (F-A) . Samuel Lathrop (F-A) . Henry W. Dwight (F-A) . John Bailey (DR-A), from December 13, 1824 . Aaron Hobart (DR-A) . Francis Baylies (F-J) . John Reed Jr. (F-A)
Mississippi . Christopher Rankin (DR-J)
Missouri . John Scott (DR-A)
New Hampshire All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket. . Ichabod Bartlett (DR-A) . Matthew Harvey (DR-A) . Arthur Livermore (DR-A) . Aaron Matson (DR-A) . William Plumer Jr. (DR-A) . Thomas Whipple Jr. (DR-A)
New Jersey All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.
. George Cassedy (DR-J) . Lewis Condict (DR-J) . Daniel Garrison (DR-J) . George Holcombe (DR-J) . James Matlack (DR-A) . Samuel Swan (DR-J)
New York There were three plural districts: the 20th & 26th had two representatives each, the 3rd had three representatives. . Silas Wood (DR-A) . Jacob Tyson (DR-C) . Churchill C. Cambreleng (DR-C) . John J. Morgan (DR-J) . Peter Sharpe (DR-A) . Joel Frost (DR-C) . William W. Van Wyck (DR-A) . Hector Craig (DR-J) . Lemuel Jenkins (DR-C) . James Strong (F-A) . James L. Hogeboom (DR-C) . Stephen Van Rensselaer (F-A) . Charles A. Foote (DR-C) . Lewis Eaton (DR-C) . Isaac Williams Jr. (DR-A) . Henry R. Storrs (F-A) . John Herkimer (DR-A) . John W. Cady (DR-A) . John W. Taylor (DR-A) . Henry C. Martindale (F-A) . John Richards (DR-C) . Ela Collins (DR-C) . Egbert Ten Eyck (DR-C) . Lot Clark (DR-C) . Justin Dwinell (DR-C) . Elisha Litchfield (DR-C) . Rowland Day (DR-C) . Samuel Lawrence (DR-A) . Dudley Marvin (DR-A) . Robert S. Rose (DR-A) . Moses Hayden (DR-A) . William B. Rochester (DR-A), until April 23, 1823 William Woods (DR-A), from November 3, 1823 . Isaac Wilson (DR-A), until January 7, 1824 Parmenio Adams (DR-A), from January 7, 1824 . Albert H. Tracy (DR-A)
North Carolina . Alfred M. Gatlin (DR-C) . Hutchins G. Burton (DR-C), until March 23, 1824 George Outlaw (DR-C), from January 19, 1825 . Thomas H. Hall (DR-C) . Richard D. Spaight Jr. (DR-C) . Charles Hooks (DR-C) . Weldon N. Edwards (DR-C) . John Culpepper (F-A) . Willie P. Mangum (DR-C) . Romulus M. Saunders (DR-C) . John Long (DR-C) . Henry W. Connor (DR-J) . Robert B. Vance (DR-J) . Lewis Williams (DR-C)
Ohio . James W. Gazlay (DR-J) . Thomas R. Ross (DR-C) . William McLean (DR-A) . Joseph Vance (DR-A) . John W. Campbell (DR-J) . Duncan McArthur (DR-A) . Samuel F. Vinton (DR-A) . William Wilson (DR-C) . Philemon Beecher (DR-A) . John Patterson (DR-A) . John C. Wright (DR-A) . John Sloane (DR-A) . Elisha Whittlesey (DR-A) . Mordecai Bartley (DR-A)
Pennsylvania There were six plural districts: the 7th, 8th, 11th, and 16th had two representatives each, the 4th and 9th had three representatives each. . Samuel Breck (F-A) . Joseph Hemphill (F-J) . Daniel H. Miller (DR-J) . James Buchanan (F-J) . Samuel Edwards (F-J) . Isaac Wayne (F-J) . Philip S. Markley (DR-J) . Robert Harris (DR-J) . Daniel Udree (DR-J) . Henry Wilson (DR-J) . Samuel D. Ingham (DR-J) . Thomas J. Rogers (DR-J), until April 20, 1824 George Wolf (DR-J), from December 9, 1824 . William Cox Ellis (F-J) . George Kremer (DR-J) . Samuel McKean (DR-J) . James S. Mitchell (DR-J) . John Findlay (DR-J) . James Wilson (DR-J) . John Brown (DR-J) . John Tod (DR-J), until ????, 1824 Alexander Thomson (DR-J), from December 6, 1824 . Andrew Stewart (DR-J) . Thomas Patterson (DR-J) . James Allison Jr. (DR-J) . Walter Forward (DR-J) . George Plumer (DR-J) . Patrick Farrelly (DR-J)
Rhode Island All representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.
. Job Durfee (DR-A) . Samuel Eddy (DR-A)
South Carolina . Joel R. Poinsett (DR-J) . James Hamilton Jr. (DR-J) . Robert B. Campbell (DR-J) . Andrew R. Govan (DR-J) . George McDuffie (DR-J) . John Wilson (DR-J) . Joseph Gist (DR-J) . John Carter (DR-J) . Starling Tucker (DR-J)
Tennessee . John Blair (DR-J) . John Cocke (DR-J) . James I. Standifer (DR-J)