duimnael|'n Kruideniersware- en skoonheidsmiddelwinkel in Tangier, Marokko Kleinhandel is die verkoop van goedere en dienste aan verbruikers, in teenstelling met groothandel, wat die verkoop aan besighede- of institusionele kliënte is. 'n Kleinhandelaar koop goedere in groot hoeveelhede van vervaardigers, direk of deur 'n groothandelaar, en verkoop dan in kleiner hoeveelhede aan verbruikers vir 'n wins. Kleinhandelaars is die laaste skakel in die voorsieningsketting van produsente tot verbruikers.
Statistiek Globale top tien kleinhandelaars
Sedert 2016, is China die grootste kleinhandel mark ter wêreld.
Wêreldwye top tien kleinhandelaarsRangMaatskappyHoofkwartier2020 totale inkomste (US$ miljard)SektorAantal lande met bedrywighede 2020 1 Walmart$519.93 Hypermarket/supercenter/superstore 27 2 Amazon $280.52 E-handel 18 3 Costco $163.22Cash & carry/warehouse club 12 4 Schwarz Gruppe (Lidl) $133.89Kruidenierswinkel 33 5 Aldi $116.06 Kruidenierswinkel 18 6 JD.com $82.86E-handel – 7 Carrefour $82.60Hypermarket/supermarket32 8 Ahold Delhaize $78.17Kruidenierswinkel 10 9 Alibaba $71.99E-handel 7 10 IKEA $45.18 Meubels 60
Verwysings
Bronnelys Adburgham, A., Shopping in Style: London from the Restoration to Edwardian Elegance, London, Thames and Hudson, 1979 Alexander, A., "The Study of British Retail History: Progress and Agenda", in The Routledge Companion to Marketing History, D.G. Brian Jones and Mark Tadajewski (eds.), Oxon, Routledge, 2016, pp. 155–72 Feinberg, R.A. and Meoli, J., [Online: "A A Brief History of the Mall Brief History of the Mall"], in Advances in Consumer Research, Volume 18, Rebecca H. Holman and Michael R. Solomon (eds.), Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research, 1991, pp. 426–27 Hollander, S. C., "Who and What are Important in Retailing and Marketing History: A Basis for Discussion", in S.C. Hollander and R. Savitt (eds.) First North American Workshop on Historical Research in Marketing, Lansing, MI: Michigan State University, 1983, pp. 35–40.
Eksterne skakels
ECRoPEDIA – Free Global Collection of Retail/FMCG Best practices by ECR Community Investopedia.The Industry Handbook: The Retailing Industry National Retail Federation (U.S.-based trade association)