William of Volpiano

Saint William of Volpiano (Italian: Guglielmo da Volpiano; French: Guillaume de Volpiano, also of Dijon, of Saint-Benignus, or of Fécamp; June/July 962 – 1 January 1031) was a Northern Italian monastic reformer, composer, and founding abbot of numerous abbeys in Burgundy, Italy and Normandy.

Life and career

Not much is known about him. The main source is a Vita of the monk Raoul Glaber, a novice who accompanied William and who sometimes regarded his master as a rival, but also as a mentor who encouraged his work as a chronicler.The main source is one manuscript (F-Pn lat. 5390) where the 15 pages of William's vita are bound together with other hagiographic writings. The edition and French translation was published by Véronique Gazeau and Monique Goullet (2008), but there was already an English translation and edition by Bulst and France (1989) whose edition was approved.

William was born in 969 in the family citadel on the island of San Giulio, Lake Orta, Novara, Piedmont. The fourth son of Count Robert of Volpiano, he was born during an assault on the citadel by the Emperor Otto. The assault being successful, Otto became the sponsor and patron of Count Robert's son.

At the age of seven, he began his education at the Benedictine abbey at Locadio, Vercelli. He became a monk at this abbey. In 987, he became a monk at the Abbey of Cluny under Saint Majolus.Potts, Cassandra. Monastic Revival and Regional Identity in Early Normandy, Boydell & Brewer, 1997, p. 28 Zealous for reform, Saint Majolus had reorganized Saint Sernin Abbey on the Rhône River.

William was ordained in 990 and served as abbot of Saint Benignus' Abbey at Dijon, dedicated to Saint Benignus of Dijon. Under William's direction, and his zeal for the Cluniac reform, St. Benignus' became a centre of spirituality, education, and culture.A unique fully notated tonary (Montpellier, Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de Médecine, Ms. H159) which indicates the pitches of chant and its microtonal shifts, has been survived from the time of his reform (Tonary of St. Bénigne, Dijon). A similar chant notation had also been used for the chant books of William of Volpiano's later Norman foundations. It also became the mother house of some forty other monasteries in Burgundy, Lorraine, Normandy, and northern Italy.

After a trip back to Italy around 995, he studied the plans for Dijon Abbey and amended them in collaboration with Upper Italian workers and master masons who were going to work in Burgundy and Normandy. Chanoine Porée, Congrès archéologique de France, session LXXVe, tenue à Caen en 1908, tome: 2, Paris, A. Picard, 1909, « L'église abbatiale de Bernay - Étude archéologique », p. 589-614.

In 1001, he was called to be the abbot of the recently refounded Abbey of Fécamp by Richard II, where the Dukes of Normandy had their palace and had chosen to be buried. William had to supervise the reconstruction and was to found several satellite abbeys in Normandy such as Bernay. In 1015 he introduced monastic reforms to Jumièges Abbey. which he helped to complete.

He was chosen as building contractor for Mont Saint-Michel in the 11th century. He designed the Romanesque church of the abbey, daringly placing the transept crossing at the top of the mount. Many underground crypts and chapels had to be built to compensate for this weight. These formed the basis for the supportive upward structure that can be seen today. He also rebuilt or completed the abbeys at Troarn and Saint-Germain-des-Prés.

He died in 1031 of natural causes at Fécamp.

Editions

William of Volpiano

Bron en licentie