1st Cavalry Division (United Kingdom)

The 1st Cavalry Division was a regular Division of the British Army during the First World War where it fought on the Western Front. During the Second World War it was a first line formation, formed from Yeomanry Regiments. It fought in the Middle East before being converted to the 10th Armoured Division.

Napoleonic Wars During the Peninsular War, Wellington organized his cavalry into The Cavalry Division from June 1809 under Major-General Sir William Payne. This performed a purely administrative, rather than tactical, role; the normal tactical headquarters were provided by brigades commanding two, later usually three, regiments. On 3 June 1810, Payne returned home and his second-in-command, Major-General Stapleton Cotton, took command. Cotton was to remain in command thereafter and effectively acted as Wellington's chief of cavalry.

On 19 June 1811, the cavalry was reorganized as two divisions and The Cavalry Division was redesignated as 1st Cavalry Division with the formation of the 2nd Cavalry Division. The divisions were once again amalgamated as The Cavalry Division on 21 April 1813 with Cotton (Lieutenant-General from 1 January 1812) still in command.

Second Boer War The Cavalry Division was re-raised for service during the Second Boer War.

First World War

The 1st Cavalry Division was one of the first divisions of the army to move to France in August 1914, they would remain on the Western Front as part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) throughout the war. It participated in most of the major actions where cavalry were used as a mounted mobile force, they would also be used as dismounted troops and effectively serve as infantry.

On 11 November 1918, the day of the armistice with Germany, orders were received that the division would lead the advance of the Second Army of the BEF into Germany, by 6 December, having passed through Namur, the division secured the Rhine bridgehead at Cologne.

Order of battle in the First World War

1st Cavalry Brigade

2nd Dragoon Guards 5th Dragoon Guards 11th Hussars 1st Signal Troop, Royal Engineers 1st Cavalry Brigade Machine Gun Squadron (from February 1916)

2nd Cavalry Brigade

4th Dragoon Guards 9th Lancers 18th Hussars 2nd Signal Troop, Royal Engineers 2nd Cavalry Brigade Machine Gun Squadron (from 28 February 1916)

9th Cavalry Brigade

9th Cavalry Brigade was formed in France on 14 April 1915 with the 15th Hussars and the 19th Hussars. These regular cavalry regiments had been serving on the Western Front since August 1914 as divisional cavalry squadrons assigned to infantry divisions. The brigade remained with 1st Cavalry Division for the rest of the war. Unit From To 15th (The King's) Hussars 14 April 1915 19th (Queen Alexandra's Own Royal) Hussars 14 April 1915 1/1st Bedfordshire Yeomanry 12 June 1915 10 March 1918 April 1918 8th (The King's Royal Irish) Hussars 10 March 1918 1/1st Warwickshire Battery, RHA (TF) 14 April 1915 21 November 1916 Y Battery, RHA 1 December 1916 9th Signal Troop, Royal Engineers 14 April 1915 9th Cavalry Brigade Machine Gun Squadron, MGC 28 February 1916

Cavalry Divisional troops III Brigade, Royal Horse Artillery transferred to 2nd Cavalry Division on formation on 17 September 1914 D Battery, RHA E Battery, RHA III RHA Brigade Ammunition Column VII Brigade, Royal Horse Artillery I Battery, RHA attached to 1st Cavalry Brigade from 17 September 1914 L Battery, RHA withdrawn after Action at Néry on 1 September 1914 (Tempy) Z Battery, RHA from 1 to 27 September 1914 H Battery, RHA from 28 September 1914, attached to 2nd Cavalry Brigade 1/1st Warwickshire Battery, RHA (TF) from 14 April 1915 to 21 November 1916, attached to 9th Cavalry Brigade Y Battery, RHA from 1 December 1916, attached to 9th Cavalry Brigade VII RHA Brigade Ammunition Column 1st Field Squadron Royal Engineers 1st Signal Squadron, Royal Engineers

Second World War

On 31 October 1939, during the Second World War, the 1st Cavalry Division was reformed. It was assigned to Northern Command, and took command of two pre-war First Line Territorial Army cavalry brigades (the 5th and 6th) and the newly formed 4th Cavalry Brigade. It was the only cavalry division in the British Army during the war.

It departed the United Kingdom in January 1940, transited across France, and arrived in Palestine on 31 January 1940. It served as a garrison force under British Forces, Palestine and Trans-Jordan.

In May 1941, the Divisional Headquarters and elements of the division (notably the 4th Cavalry Brigade), together with a battalion of infantry from the Essex Regiment (the 1st Battalion), a mechanised regiment from the Arab Legion and supporting artillery was reorganised as Habforce for operations in Iraq including the relief of the base at RAF Habbaniya and the occupation of Baghdad. Following this, in July 1941, Habforce was placed under the command of Australian I Corps and was involved in operations against the Vichy French in Syria, advancing from eastern Iraq near the Trans-Jordan border to capture Palmyra and secure the Haditha - Tripoli oil pipeline.

On 1 August 1941, the 1st Cavalry Division was converted into the 10th Armoured Division. 10th Armoured Division later fought at the Battles of Alam Halfa and El Alamein. The 10th Armoured Division was disbanded in Egypt on 15 June 1944.

Order of battle in Second World War

4th Cavalry Brigade

Unit From To Household Cavalry Composite Regiment 13 November 1939 12 January 1941 1st Household Cavalry Regiment 13 January 1941 31 July 1941 North Somerset Yeomanry 15 November 1939 21 March 1941 Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry 3 December 1939 2 October 1940 8 January 1941 31 July 1941 Warwickshire Yeomanry 22 March 1941 31 July 1941

5th Cavalry Brigade

Unit From To Yorkshire Hussars 3 September 1939 22 March 1941 Sherwood Rangers Yeomanry 3 September 1939 2 February 1941 Queen's Own Yorkshire Dragoons 3 September 1939 18 March 1942 North Somerset Yeomanry 20 March 1941 20 March 1942 Cheshire Yeomanry 21 March 1941 7 June 1941 15 July 1941 21 March 1942 Staffordshire Yeomanry 30 April 1941 4 June 1941

6th Cavalry Brigade

Unit From To Warwickshire Yeomanry 3 September 1939 21 March 1941 Staffordshire Yeomanry 3 September 1939 28 April 1941 5 June 1941 31 July 1941 Cheshire Yeomanry 3 September 1939 20 March 1941 Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry 3 October 1940 7 January 1941 Royal Scots Greys 1 March 1941 31 July 1941 Yorkshire Hussars 23 March 1941 31 July 1941

Support Units The division also commanded the following support units: 104th (Essex Yeomanry) Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery 106th (Lancashire Hussars) Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery 107th (South Nottinghamshire Hussars) Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery 2nd Field Squadron, Royal Engineers 141st Field Park Squadron, Royal Engineers 1st Cavalry Divisional Signals (Middlesex Yeomanry), Royal Corps of Signals 550th Company, Royal Army Service Corps, TA"History of 550 Coy RASC TA 1936-45" by Capt M B Phillips, TD

Commanders The 1st Cavalry Division had the following commanders during the First World War: From Rank Name Mobilization Major-General E.H.H. Allenby 12 October 1914 Major-General H. de B. de Lisle 27 May 1916 Major-General Hon. C.E. Bingham 24 October 1915 Major-General R.L. Mullens The 1st Cavalry Division had the following commanders during the Second World War: From Rank Name 31 October 1939 Major-General J.G.W. Clark 27 June 1940 Brigadier J.J. Kingstone (acting) 1 July 1940 Major-General J.G.W. Clark 26 February 1941 Brigadier J.J. Kingstone (acting) 8 May 1941 Major-General J.G.W. Clark

1st Cavalry Division (United Kingdom)

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