History of 19th-century congressional redistricting in Ohio

The redistricting of United States congressional districts is made by the legislatures of the states every 10 years, immediately following the official announcement of the federal census that serves as the basis of the apportionment. It was long the practice that the apportionment thus made stood until after the next decennial census.

However, the power rests with the legislature to change or adjust the apportionment during the interim and in 1845, the tradition in Ohio of reapportioning following the decennial census was broken. For the last half of the century, it was the policy of the party in power in the legislature to secure the largest amount of political advantage in making the apportionments, and they were made whenever the political control of the assembly changed. From 1878 to 1892, the state was reapportioned six times as power oscillated between the two parties.

A partisan majority in the legislature has it in their power to so apportion the districts as to enable the minority of the voters in the state to elect a majority of the congressional delegation, or to empower a bare majority of the voters to elect almost the entire delegation, in effect disenfranchising the minority. No apportionment of Ohio was absolutely free from partisan bias.

Constitutional background Ohio’s legislative structure Under the original Ohio constitution, state representatives were chosen annually for the term of one year, and state senators were chosen for two years, the original allotment being such that half the senators held over and one-half of the body was chosen at the annual elections, necessitating annual sessions of the legislature.

The mode of electing members of the Ohio General Assembly was changed under the constitution of 1851. Senators and representatives were elected biennially, for the term of two years, and the entire legislature changed its membership at the end of the biennial period.

The object of the change in the organic law was to obviate annual legislative sessions, but as a rule, up to the last decade of the century, annual sessions were held, the general assembly adjourning to a date in the second year of the biennial period to complete its unfinished business and consider other legislative matters.

Other changes were proposed in the Ohio Constitutional Convention of 1872–73. However, the citizens soundly rejected the proposed changes in the referendum in 1874. The next change in the state constitution did not occur until the 20th century.

Ohio’s county structure At the time of the first apportionment in 1812, there were 40 organized counties in the state. During each of the following decennial periods up to 1851, new counties were created to the current number of 88. Where portions of the new counties came from two or more congressional districts, the voters continued to cast their ballots for representative in Congress as in the original district until the next apportionment was made.

Territorial representation — 1799 to 1802

During the Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Congresses, the Northwest Territory was represented by one at-large Territorial Delegate. These were in turn William Henry Harrison, who resigned to become governor of Indiana Territory, William McMillan, and Paul Fearing.

Statehood representation — 1803 to 1812 Ohio entered the Union on February 19, 1803 a few weeks before the end of the Seventh Congress. From 1803 to 1812, the entire state constituted a single representative district in Congress, held by Jeremiah Morrow for all five terms. In the Seventh Congress Ohio had a population of 47,500; in the Eighth, when the state was first fully represented, the population was 68,850; in the Ninth the population numbered 91,280; in the Tenth it rose to 150,965, and in the Eleventh it reached 250,325, so that the member from Ohio not only represented the largest geographical territory of any single congressman, but about three times as large a constituency as any other.

First apportionment — 1812 to 1822 The state was first apportioned into representative districts by the Act of January 14, 1812, six districts being designated.

Based on the Third Federal Census, the state was entitled to seven representatives in Congress, but this fact was overlooked at the time the apportionment was made. No attempt was made to rectify this error, the result being that Ohio was short five congressional seats during the decade, and one elector at each of the presidential elections in 1812, 1816 and 1820.

Ohio congressional districts 1812–1822 District Counties Hamilton, Warren, Butler, Preble Clermont, Highland, Fayette, Clinton, Adams, Greene Ross, Gallia, Athens, Washington, Scioto, Pickaway Muskingum, Guernsey, Coshocton, Belmont, Jefferson Licking, Delaware, Franklin, Madison, Fairfield, Champaign, Montgomery, Miami, Darke Tuscarawas, Stark, Columbiana, Portage, Trumbull, Cuyahoga, Geauga, Ashtabula, Knox, Wayne, Richland

Second apportionment — 1822 to 1832 The second apportionment was made on 22 May 1822. The official report of the Fourth Federal Census not having been received in time for consideration and action at the regular session, the state legislature was assembled in extraordinary session for that purpose. The state then contained 66 organized counties, and was divided into 14 districts.

Ohio congressional districts 1822–1832 District Counties Hamilton, Clermont Warren, Butler Preble, Miami, Mercer, Van Wert, Paulding, Williams, Shelby, Allen, Montgomery, Putnam. Greene, Clark, Champaign, Madison, Union, Logan, Hardin. Brown, Adams, Highland, Clinton. Ross, Fayette, Pickaway, Hocking. Scioto, Pike, Lawrence, Jackson, Gallia, Meigs, Athens, Washington. Franklin, Licking, Knox, Delaware, Coshocton, Marion, Crawford. Fairfield, Perry, Muskingum. Guernsey, Belmont, Morgan, Monroe. Jefferson, Harrison, Tuscarawas. Columbiana, Stark, Wayne. Trumbull, Portage, Geauga, Ashtabula. Cuyahoga, Medina, Richland, Huron, Sandusky, Seneca.

Third apportionment — 1832 to 1842 On 4 June 1832, the legislature convened in extraordinary session for the second time for the purpose of apportioning the state into congressional districts and continued in session 10 days to complete the apportionment.

There were 74 organized counties and they were divided into 19 districts based on the Fifth Federal Census.

Ohio congressional districts 1832–1842 District Counties Hamilton. Butler, Preble, Darke. Mercer, Van Wert, Paulding, Williams, Henry, Wood, Putnam, Allen, Shelby, Montgomery, Miami. Warren, Clinton, Highland. Brown, Clermont, Adams Monroe, Lawrence, Gallia, Meigs, Washington, Athens. Jackson, Pike, Ross, Scioto, Fayette. Madison, Pickaway, Franklin, Delaware, Marion. Perry, Morgan, Fairfield, Hocking. Union, Hardin, Hancock, Logan, Champaign, Clark, Greene. Guernsey, Belmont. Muskingum, Licking. Coshocton, Knox, Tuscarawas, Holmes. Crawford, Richland, Seneca, Huron, Sandusky. Lorain, Cuyahoga, Portage, Medina. Geauga, Ashtabula, Trumbull. Columbiana. Stark, Wayne. Jefferson, Harrison.

Fourth apportionment — 1842 to 1845 The fourth apportionment for Congress was made at the fourth extraordinary session of the legislature, convened for the purpose on 25 July 1842. The legislature in 1842 contained a Democratic majority and the apportionment debate acrimonious, the Whigs denouncing the proposed redistricting as unfair and grossly partisan. Consequently, the session ran until August 12.

This adjustment of the congressional districts subsequently became the excuse for a number of the most notorious gerrymanders at the hands of the leaders of both parties in later years.

There were 78 organized counties, which were divided into 21 districts based on the Sixth Federal Census.

Ohio congressional districts 1842–1845 District Counties First Hamilton. Second Butler, Preble, Darke. Third Warren, Montgomery, Clinton, Greene. Fourth Miami, Clark, Champaign, Madison, Union, Logan. Fifth Mercer, Van Wert, Paulding, Williams, Lucas, Henry, Putnam, Allen, Shelby, Hardin, Defiance. Sixth Wood, Hancock, Crawford, Seneca, Sandusky, Ottawa. Seventh Clermont, Brown, Highland, Adams. Eighth Pike, Jackson, Hocking, Ross. Ninth Fayette, Pickaway, Fairfield. Tenth Franklin, Licking, Knox. Eleventh Delaware, Marion, Richland. Twelfth Scioto, Lawrence, Gallia, Meigs, Athens. Thirteenth Perry, Morgan, Washington. Fourteenth Muskingum, Guernsey. Fifteenth Belmont, Harrison, Monroe. Sixteenth Holmes, Coshocton, Tuscarawas. Seventeenth Jefferson, Carroll, Columbiana. Eighteenth Stark, Wayne. Nineteenth Trumbull, Portage, Summit, Mahoning. Twentieth Cuyahoga, Geauga, Lake, Ashtabula. Twenty-first Medina, Lorain, Huron, Erie.

Fifth apportionment — 1845 to 1852 The legislature in 1842 had a Democratic majority and the apportionment had been denounced by the Whigs as unfair and grossly partisan. In 1844–1845, control of the legislature was in Whig hands. On 12 March 1845, the Whigs proceeded to readjust the congressional districts, the first use of the implied legislative power to redistrict at any time, not bound strictly to the federal census. The legislature added one county to the list of those already organized.

Ohio congressional districts 1845–1852 District Counties First Hamilton. Second Butler, Warren, Clinton. Third Montgomery, Greene, Preble, Darke. Fourth Miami, Clark, Champaign. Fifth Mercer, Van Wert, Paulding, Williams, Lucas, Putnam, Henry, Allen, Shelby, Hardin, Defiance. Sixth Wood, Hancock, Crawford, Seneca, Sandusky, Ottawa, Wyandot. Seventh Clermont, Highland, Brown, Adams. Eighth Pike, Jackson, Ross, Scioto. Ninth Fayette, Pickaway, Fairfield. Tenth Franklin, Licking, Delaware. Eleventh Knox, Marion, Richland. Twelfth Hocking, Lawrence, Gallia, Meigs. Thirteenth Perry, Morgan, Washington. Fourteenth Muskingum, Guernsey. Fifteenth Belmont, Harrison, Monroe. Sixteenth Holmes, Coshocton, Tuscarawas. Seventeenth Jefferson, Carroll, Columbiana. Eighteenth Stark, Wayne. Nineteenth Trumbull, Portage, Summit, Mahoning. Twentieth Cuyahoga, Geauga, Lake, Ashtabula. Twenty-first Medina, Lorain, Huron, Erie.

Sixth apportionment — 1852 to 1862 On the 11 March 1851, the eighty-eighth county was organized; no additional county has been created since then. The legislature of 1852–1853, the first elected under the new Ohio constitution, was Democratic and apportioned the state into 21 congressional districts under the Seventh Federal Census.

Ohio congressional districts 1852–1862 District Counties First Hamilton (a part of). Second Hamilton (a part of). Third Butler, Preble, Montgomery. Fourth Miami, Darke, Shelby, Auglaize, Mercer, Allen. Fifth Van Wert, Paulding, Putnam, Defiance, William, Fulton, Lucas, Wood, Henry, Hancock. Sixth Clermont, Brown, Highland, Adams. Seventh Warren, Clinton, Greene, Fayette, Madison. Eighth Clark, Champaign, Logan, Union, Delaware. Ninth Hardin, Marion, Wyandot, Crawford, Seneca, Sandusky, Ottawa. Tenth Scioto, Lawrence, Jackson, Pike, Ross. Eleventh Fairfield, Hocking, Perry, Athens, Vinton, Meigs. Twelfth Franklin, Licking, Pickaway. Thirteenth Morrow, Richland, Huron, Erie. Fourteenth Lorain, Medina, Wayne, Ashland. Fifteenth Tuscarawas, Coshocton, Knox, Holmes. Sixteenth Morgan, Washington, Muskingum. Seventeenth Belmont, Guernsey, Monroe, Noble, Eighteenth Portage, Stark, Summit. Nineteenth Cuyahoga, Lake, Geauga. Twentieth Ashtabula, Trumbull, Mahoning. Twenty-first Columbiana, Jefferson, Carroll, Harrison.

Seventh apportionment — 1862 to 1872 The legislature elected in 1861 and serving during 1862 and 1863 was controlled by the Republican Party. The United States Congress had just passed an act increasing the ratio of representation, and this had the effect of reducing the number of Ohio representatives in Congress from 21 to 19, and in the rest of the Union proportionately. During the first session of the Fifty-fifth general assembly, in 1862, the state was apportioned into the 19 districts based on the Eighth Federal Census.