The 2006 Italian presidential election was held on 8–10 May 2006. The result was the election of Giorgio Napolitano, the first time a former member of the Italian Communist Party had been elected to the presidency of the Italian Republic.
Only members of Parliament and regional delegates were entitled to vote, most of these electors having been elected in the 2006 general election. As head of state of the Italian Republic, the president has a role of representation of national unity and guarantees that Italian politics comply with the Italian Constitution, in the framework of a parliamentary system.
Procedure In accordance with the Italian Constitution, the election was held in the form of a secret ballot, with the Senators, the Deputies and 58 regional representatives entitled to vote. The election was held in the Palazzo Montecitorio, home of the Chamber of Deputies, with the capacity of the building expanded for the purpose. The first three ballots required a two-thirds majority of the 1,009 voters in order to elect a president, or 673 votes. Starting from the fourth ballot, an absolute majority was required for candidates to be elected, or 505 votes. The presidential mandate lasts seven years. The term of the incumbent president, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, was due to end on 18 May 2006 (but eventually ended already on 15 May).
The election was presided over by the President of the Chamber of Deputies Fausto Bertinotti, who proceeded to the public counting of the votes, and by the President of the Senate Franco Marini.
Proposed candidates Candidate Region of birth Office(s) held Supporting party or coalition Umberto Bossi ()Lega Nord Federal Secretary of Lega Nord (1989–2012) Lega Nord Giorgio Napolitano ()Democrats of the Left Senator for life(2005–2006) The Union Franca Rame ()Italy of Values Member of the Senate(2006–2008) Italy of Values Gianni Letta ()Forza Italia Secretary of the Council of Ministers(1994–1995; 2001–2006) House of Freedoms
Chronology On 2 May 2006 the President of the Chamber of Deputies Fausto Bertinotti, in agreement with President of the Senate Franco Marini, convened the two houses of the Italian Parliament, integrated with a number of representatives appointed by the twenty Italian regions, in a common session on 8 May in order to commence voting for the election of the new President of the Italian Republic.
Outgoing President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, 85, was asked to run for another mandate by the centre-right coalition House of Freedoms, with the strong support of the centre-left coalition The Union. However, Ciampi declined to run again, noting that "none of the past nine presidents of the Republic has been re-elected. I think this has become a meaningful rule. It is better not to infringe it".
On 10 May 2006 Giorgio Napolitano, the candidate endorsed by the centre-left coalition, was elected on the fourth ballot with 543 votes. His term officially started with a swearing-in ceremony held on 15 May 2006.
Ballots First ballot (8 May) The Union initially proposed lifetime Senator Giorgio Napolitano as its official candidate, in an attempt to reach an agreement with the House of Freedoms, whose votes would have been necessary to have a successful election at the first ballot; however, the centre-right opposition declared it did not intend to vote for Napolitano, and instead announced its own members would vote for Gianni Letta. After this announcement, the Union declared that its members would cast a blank vote in the first ballot, in order not to waste Napolitano's candidacy, with the exception of the Rose in the Fist, which would vote for either Adriano Sofri or Emma Bonino. Inside the centre-right, the Christian Democracy for Autonomies and the New Italian Socialist Party voted for the journalist Giuliano Ferrara.
The voting operations started at 16:00 CEST; as no candidate obtained the 673 votes requested to win the election, a new ballot was held in the morning of May 9.
Results CandidateVotes Gianni Letta369 Massimo D'Alema27 Franca Rame24 Adriano Sofri23 Siegfried Brugger12 Giuliano Ferrara8 Giorgio Napolitano8 Giampaolo Malavasi6 Gino Strada5 Carlo Azeglio Ciampi4 Giuliano Amato3 Umberto Bossi3 Cesare Previti3 Stefano Rodotà3 Giulio Andreotti2 Mario Anzani2 Silvio Berlusconi2 Lidia Menapace2 Others22 Blank votes438 Invalid votes18
Among the other votes cast, there were one vote each for Linda Giuva, wife of Massimo D'Alema, singer/songwriter Francesco Guccini and controversial writer Oriana Fallaci. A vote for Giorgio Almirante, historical leader of the Italian Social Movement who died in 1988, was declared invalid.
Second ballot (9 May) This ballot, as well as the first, required a majority of 673 votes. After several discussions about the opportunity to vote for Giorgio Napolitano, the House of Freedoms decided to cast a blank vote too. However, the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats declared its members could vote for Napolitano in the next ballot, an opinion that was not shared within the coalition. Due to the lack of consensus and the row in the opposition, the Union members decided to continue withholding their votes for Napolitano. Rather than casting a blank vote, the centre-left party UDEUR instead decided to vote in this ballot for an own symbolic candidate, Giuseppe De Rita.
The voting operations started at 11:30 CEST.
Results
CandidateVotes Umberto Bossi38 Massimo D'Alema35 Giuseppe De Rita19 Giorgio Napolitano15 Siegfried Brugger11 Gianni Letta11 Giuliano Ferrara9 Renato Antonioli7 Francesco Proietti Cosimi6 Angelo Sanza6 Gino Strada5 Giuliano Amato5 Antonio Ambra3 Carlo Azeglio Ciampi3 Maria Gabriella of Savoy3 Linda Giuva3 Franco Marini3 Lidia Menapace3 Luigi Pallaro3 Stefano Rodotà3 Bruno Vespa3 Mauro Mellini2 Franco Piperno2 Others29 Blank votes724 Invalid votes22
Among the other votes, there were one vote each for rock musician Vasco Rossi and Luciano Moggi, general manager of the football team Juventus FC
Third ballot (9 May)
After the second ballot, Silvio Berlusconi declared his coalition would never vote for either Giorgio Napolitano or any other candidate associated with the Democrats of the Left, and would continue casting blank votes for both the third and probably also the fourth ballot. However, Pier Ferdinando Casini, leader of the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats, an ally of Berlusconi in the House of Freedoms, declared that his party considered it "a mistake not to vote for Giorgio Napolitano as President of the Republic" and expressed a wish for a large consensus among the political forces on Napolitano's name. On the other hand, the Union declared its members would again cast a blank vote in this ballot, but would vote for Napolitano in the fourth ballot, to be held on May 10, for which a plain majority of votes would be required for a successful election.
The voting operations started at 17:00 CEST.
Results CandidateVotes Massimo D'Alema31 Giorgio Napolitano16 Giuliano Ferrara10 Gianni Letta10 Gino Strada6 Mario Cavallaro5 Linda Giuva4 Mino Martinazzoli4 Marco Matteucci4 Giuliano Amato3 Silvio Berlusconi3 Carlo Azeglio Ciampi3 Biagio Di Maria3 Roberto Formigoni3 Aurelio Garritano3 Lino Iannuzzi3 Franco Piperno3 Stefano Servadei3 Mirko Tremaglia3 Tullio Ancora2 Tina Anselmi2 Carlo Bertolotti2 Rosy Bindi2 Vito Gamberale2 Lidia Menapace2 Barbara Palombelli2 Sergio Pininfarina2 Others37 Blank votes770 Invalid votes28
Fourth ballot (10 May)
The fourth ballot is the first one that requires only a simple majority for a successful election, that is, 505 votes; thus, the Union could elect its own candidate without needing to find agreement with the House of Freedoms.
The Union declared its members would vote for Giorgio Napolitano in this ballot. The House of Freedoms declared that its members would cast a blank vote; however, the decision was not taken unanimously, as the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats clearly showed its approval of Napolitano's candidacy. Former secretary of the party Marco Follini declared he would vote for Napolitano.
The voting operations, started at 9:30 CEST, resulted in the election of Giorgio Napolitano as President of the Italian Republic.
Results CandidateVotes Giorgio Napolitano543 Umberto Bossi42 Massimo D'Alema10 Giuliano Ferrara7 Gianni Letta6 Silvio Berlusconi5 Roberto Dipiazza3 Sergio Pininfarina3 Others10 Blank votes347 Invalid votes14 Criticisms and reactions There has been criticism from across the political spectrum about the presidential elections, mostly from the minority right-wing coalition. Since the speakers of both houses of parliament were chosen by the winning coalition, the House of Freedoms demanded an impartial candidate for the role of president. The Union stressed the fact that the Italian Constitution demands that the president be a defender of the constitution, hinting that such a quality was scarce among the opposition members.
Most of the criticism focused on how the president was to be elected. Surprisingly, given the enormous heat and animosity shown in the preceding general elections, the two coalition leaders organized a meeting to try to come up with a candidate that was acceptable to both. The attempts failed quickly, with the Union arguing that the House of Freedom was not interested in any candidate, and the House of Freedom arguing that the Union was not proposing any that were acceptable.
Silvio Berlusconi, the leader of the opposition, was the most vocal opponent of any candidate that came from the former Italian Communist Party, in line with the anti-communist stance he had taken in the campaign. His allies, especially the Union of Christian and Centre Democrats (UDC), openly disagreed with his intransigence but vowed to stick with their ally's decision. Yet, when Napolitano was elected, Silvio Berlusconi gave an interview to one of his political magazines Panorama saying that the UDC betrayed him by letting 60 of his electors cast a blank vote on the first ballot, instead of supporting the official candidate Gianni Letta. When the UDC argued that this might have spelled the end of the Coalition, Silvio Berlusconi quickly changed his stance by saying, as he often had, that he had been "misunderstood" and that he never gave that journalist an interview.
The candidacy of Massimo D'Alema was supported by his party, the Democrats of the Left, and by other parties of the coalition, such as the Party of Italian Communists, the Communist Refoundation Party and Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy, but opposed by others, such as the Rose in the Fist, arguing that his candidacy was driven by a particracy's mentality. Also, part of the left-wing coalition considered D'Alema far too willing to conduct backroom deals with the opposition. Some moderate journalists liked D'Alema because his presidency would have given Romano Prodi a stabler government, since the biggest party of the Union had not been rewarded with any institutional position.
In the opposition coalition, while Silvio Berlusconi vehemently opposed a D'Alema presidency, some of his aides, such as Marcello Dell'Utri, and some aligned newspapers, such as Il Foglio, campaigned for D'Alema. However, the official stance of the centre-right was that D'Alema, being an important left-wing politician and having participated in the election campaign, was ill-suited for president, a role that it is supposed to be impartial.
However, when the Union proposed Giorgio Napolitano, a senator for life that in recent years had not had a prominent role in politics, the House of Freedom objected that the Union should have presented a list of names. In the end, the House of Freedom chose to cast a blank vote. Some right-wing newspapers protested the communist background of the new president.
Sources Official results (from the Italian Parliament website)
Notes