Events Pre-1600 1096 – Count Emicho enters Mainz, where his followers massacre Jewish citizens. At least 600 Jews are killed. 1120 – Richard III of Capua is anointed as Prince two weeks before his untimely death. 1153 – Malcolm IV becomes King of Scotland. 1199 – John is crowned King of England. 1257 – Richard of Cornwall, and his wife, Sanchia of Provence, are crowned King and Queen of the Germans at Aachen Cathedral.Goldstone, Nancy (2008). Four Queens; The Provençal Sisters who ruled Europe. Penguin Books, London, p. 213. 1595 – A Gaelic Irish army successfully ambushes an English force in the battle of Clontibret during the Nine Years' War.
1601–1900 1644 – Manchu regent Dorgon defeats rebel leader Li Zicheng of the Shun dynasty at the Battle of Shanhai Pass, allowing the Manchus to enter and conquer the capital city of Beijing. 1703 – Tsar Peter the Great founds the city of Saint Petersburg. 1798 – The Pitt–Tierney duel takes place on Putney Heath outside London. A bloodless duel between the prime minister of Great Britain William Pitt the Younger and his political opponent George Tierney.Nester, William. The Coalitions Against Napoleon: How British Money, Manufacturing and Military Power Forged the Alliances that Achieved Victory. Frontline Books, 2023. p.103 1798 – The Battle of Oulart Hill takes place in Wexford, Ireland; Irish rebel leaders defeat and kill a detachment of militia. 1799 – War of the Second Coalition: Austrian forces defeat the French at Winterthur, Switzerland. 1813 – War of 1812: In Canada, American forces capture Fort George. 1832 – An Egyptian army under Ibrahim Pasha captures Acre from the Ottomans after a five-months siege. 1860 – Giuseppe Garibaldi begins the Siege of Palermo, part of the wars of Italian unification. 1863 – American Civil War: The first Union infantry assault of the Siege of Port Hudson occurs. 1874 – The first group of Dorsland trekkers under the leadership of Gert Alberts leaves Pretoria. 1883 – Alexander III is crowned Tsar of Russia. 1896 – The F4-strength St. Louis–East St. Louis tornado hits in St. Louis, Missouri, and East St. Louis, Illinois, killing at least 255 people and causing over $10 million in damage.
1901–present 1905 – Russo-Japanese War: The Battle of Tsushima begins. 1915 – HMS Princess Irene explodes and sinks off Sheerness, Kent, with the loss of 352 lives. 1917 – Pope Benedict XV promulgates the 1917 Code of Canon Law, the first comprehensive codification of Catholic canon law in the legal history of the Catholic Church. 1919 – The NC-4 aircraft arrives in Lisbon after completing the first transatlantic flight. 1927 – The Ford Motor Company ceases manufacture of the Ford Model T and begins to retool plants to make the Ford Model A. 1930 – The Chrysler Building in New York City, the tallest man-made structure at the time, opens to the public. 1933 – New Deal: The U.S. Federal Securities Act is signed into law requiring the registration of securities with the Federal Trade Commission. 1935 – New Deal: The Supreme Court of the United States declares the National Industrial Recovery Act to be unconstitutional in A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, (295 U.S. 495). 1937 – In California, the Golden Gate Bridge opens to pedestrian traffic, creating a vital link between San Francisco and Marin County, California. 1940 – World War II: In the Le Paradis massacre, 99 soldiers from a Royal Norfolk Regiment unit are shot after surrendering to German troops; two survive. 1941 – World War II: U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt proclaims an "unlimited national emergency". 1941 – World War II: The is sunk in the North Atlantic, killing almost 2,100 men. 1942 – World War II: In Operation Anthropoid, Reinhard Heydrich is fatally wounded in Prague; he dies of his injuries eight days later. 1950 – The Linnanmäki amusement park is opened for the first time in Helsinki.Linnanmäki turns 60 – Greece 1958 – First flight of the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II. 1960 – In Turkey, a military coup removes President Celâl Bayar and the rest of the democratic government from office. 1962 – The Centralia mine fire is ignited in the town's landfill above a coal mine. 1965 – Vietnam War: American warships begin the first bombardment of National Liberation Front targets within South Vietnam. 1967 – Australians vote in favor of a constitutional referendum granting the Australian government the power to make laws to benefit Indigenous Australians and to count them in the national census. 1967 – The U.S. Navy aircraft carrier is launched by Jacqueline Kennedy and her daughter Caroline. 1971 – The Dahlerau train disaster, the worst railway accident in West Germany, kills 46 people and injures 25 near Wuppertal. 1971 – Pakistani forces massacre over 200 civilians, mostly Bengali Hindus, in the Bagbati massacre. 1975 – Dibbles Bridge coach crash near Grassington, in North Yorkshire, England, kills 33, the highest ever death toll in a road accident in the United Kingdom. 1977 – A plane crash at José Martí International Airport in Havana, Cuba, kills 67. 1980 – The Gwangju Massacre: Airborne and army troops of South Korea retake the city of Gwangju from civil militias, killing at least 207 and possibly many more. 1984 – The Danube–Black Sea Canal is opened, in a ceremony attended by the Ceaușescus. It had been under construction since the 1950s. 1988 – Somaliland War of Independence: The Somali National Movement launches a major offensive against Somali government forces in Hargeisa and Burao, then the second- and third-largest cities of Somalia. 1996 – First Chechen War: Russian president Boris Yeltsin meets with Chechen rebels for the first time and negotiates a cease-fire. 1997 – The 1997 Central Texas tornado outbreak occurs, spawning multiple tornadoes in Central Texas, including the F5 that killed 27 in Jarrell. 1998 – Oklahoma City bombing: Michael Fortier is sentenced to 12 years in prison and fined $200,000 for failing to warn authorities about the terrorist plot. 1999 – Space Shuttle Discovery is launched on STS-96, the first shuttle mission to dock with the International Space Station. 2001 – Members of Abu Sayyaf, an Islamist separatist group, seize twenty hostages from an affluent island resort on Palawan in the Philippines; the hostage crisis would not be resolved until June 2002. 2006 – The 6.4 Yogyakarta earthquake shakes central Java with an MSK intensity of VIII (Damaging), leaving more than 5,700 dead and 37,000 injured. 2014 – The football club Kerala Blasters FC and its first supporters' group Manjappada are formed. 2016 – Barack Obama is the first president of the United States to visit Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park and meet Hibakusha. 2017 – Andrew Scheer takes over after Rona Ambrose as the leader of the Conservative Party of Canada. 2018 – Maryland Flood Event: A flood occurs throughout the Patapsco Valley, causing one death, destroying the entire first floors of buildings on Main Street in Ellicott City, and causing cars to overturn.
Births
Pre-1600 742 – Emperor Dezong of Tang (died 805) 1332 – Ibn Khaldun, Tunisian historian and theologian (died 1406) 1378 – Zhu Quan, Chinese military commander, historian and playwright (died 1448) 1519 – Girolamo Mei, Italian historian and theorist (died 1594) 1537 – Louis IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Marburg (died 1604) 1576 – Caspar Schoppe, German author and scholar (died 1649) 1584 – Michael Altenburg, German theologian and composer (died 1640)
1601–1900 1601 – Antoine Daniel, French-Canadian missionary and saint (died 1648) 1626 – William II, Prince of Orange (died 1650) 1651 – Louis Antoine de Noailles, French cardinal (died 1729) 1652 – Elizabeth Charlotte, Princess Palatine of Germany (died 1722) 1738 – Nathaniel Gorham, American merchant and politician, 14th President of the Continental Congress (died 1796) 1756 – Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria (died 1825) 1774 – Francis Beaufort, Irish hydrographer and officer in the Royal Navy (died 1857) 1794 – Cornelius Vanderbilt, American businessman and philanthropist (died 1877) 1812 – George K. Teulon, English-Texian journalist and freemason (died 1846) 1814 – John Rudolph Niernsee, Viennese-born American architect (died 1885) 1815 – Henry Parkes, English-Australian politician, 7th Premier of New South Wales (died 1896) 1818 – Amelia Bloomer, American journalist and activist (died 1894) 1819 – Julia Ward Howe, American poet and songwriter (died 1910) 1827 – Samuel F. Miller, American lawyer and politician (died 1892) 1832 – Zenas Ferry Moody, American surveyor and politician, 7th Governor of Oregon (died 1917) 1836 – Jay Gould, American businessman and financier (died 1892) 1837 – Wild Bill Hickok, American police officer (died 1876) 1852 – Billy Barnes, English cricketer (died 1899) 1857 – Theodor Curtius, German chemist (died 1928) 1860 – Manuel Teixeira Gomes, Portuguese politician, 7th President of Portugal (died 1941) 1860 – Margrethe Munthe, Norwegian songwriter (died 1931) 1863 – Arthur Mold, English cricketer (died 1921) 1867 – Arnold Bennett, English author and playwright (died 1931) 1868 – Aleksa Šantić, Bosnian poet and author (died 1924) 1871 – Georges Rouault, French painter and illustrator (died 1958) 1875 – Frederick Cuming, English cricketer (died 1942) 1875 – Jorge Newbery, Argentine aviator (died 1914) 1876 – Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski, Polish journalist and author (died 1945) 1876 – William Stanier, English engineer (died 1965) 1878 – Anna Cervin, Swedish artist (died 1972) 1879 – Karl Bühler, German-American linguist and psychologist (died 1963) 1879 – Hans Lammers, German judge and politician (died 1962) 1883 – Jessie Arms Botke, American painter (died 1971) 1884 – Max Brod, Czech journalist, author, and composer (died 1968) 1887 – Frank Woolley, English cricketer (died 1978) 1888 – Louis Durey, French composer (died 1979) 1891 – Claude Champagne, Canadian violinist, pianist, and composer (died 1965) 1891 – Jaan Kärner, Estonian poet and author (died 1958) 1894 – Louis-Ferdinand Céline, French physician and author (died 1961) 1894 – Dashiell Hammett, American detective novelist and screenwriter (died 1961) 1895 – Douglas Lloyd Campbell, Canadian educator and politician, 13th Premier of Manitoba (died 1995) 1897 – John Cockcroft, English physicist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1967) 1897 – Dink Templeton, American rugby player and coach (died 1962) 1898 – David Crosthwait, American engineer, inventor and writer (died 1976) 1899 – Johannes Türn, Estonian chess and draughts player (died 1993) 1900 – Lotte Toberentz, German overseer of the Nazi Uckermark concentration camp (died 1964) 1900 – Uładzimir Žyłka, Belarusian poet and translator (died 1933)
1901–present 1906 – Buddhadasa, Thai monk and philosopher (died 1993) 1906 – Harry Hibbs, English footballer (died 1984) 1906 – Antonio Rosario Mennonna, Italian bishop (died 2009) 1907 – Nicolas Calas, Greek-American poet and critic (died 1988) 1907 – Rachel Carson, American biologist, environmentalist, and author (died 1964) 1909 – Dolores Hope, American singer and philanthropist (died 2011) 1909 – Juan Vicente Pérez, Venezuelan supercentenarian, oldest living man, last man born in 1900s decade (died 2024) 1911 – Hubert Humphrey, American journalist and politician, 38th Vice President of the United States (died 1978) 1911 – Teddy Kollek, Hungarian-Israeli politician, Mayor of Jerusalem (died 2007) 1911 – Vincent Price, American actor (died 1993) 1912 – John Cheever, American novelist and short story writer (died 1982) 1912 – Sam Snead, American golfer and sportscaster (died 2002) 1912 – Terry Moore, American baseball player, coach, and manager (died 1995) 1915 – Ester Soré, Chilean singer-songwriter (died 1996) 1915 – Herman Wouk, American novelist (died 2019) 1917 – Harry Webster, English engineer (died 2007) 1918 – Yasuhiro Nakasone, Japanese commander and politician, 45th Prime Minister of Japan (died 2019)