This list compiles many of the common large shrubs and trees found in Canada. The Canadian flora is depauperate because of the near total glaciation event in the Pleistocene. Due to the vast area of Canada, a tree that is common in one area may be completely absent in another. In particular, many warm-temperate trees can only be grown on the mild pacific coast (where gardens may contain additional species not listed here).
See also provincial tree emblems of Canada for the official trees of the provinces and territories of Canada.
Pinophyta (Conifers)
Abies (firs) Abies amabilis (Pacific Silver Fir) Abies balsamea (Balsam Fir) Abies bifolia (Rocky Mountains Subalpine Fir) Abies concolor (white fir) - introduced Abies grandis (Grand Fir) Abies lasiocarpa (Coast Range Subalpine Fir) Abies magnifica (Red Fir) - introduced Abies nordmanniana (Nordmann Fir) - introduced Abies pinsapo (Spanish Fir) - introduced Abies procera (Noble Fir) - introduced
Araucaria Araucaria araucana (Monkey-puzzle) - introduced
Cedrus (cedars) Cedrus atlantica (Atlas Cedar) - introduced Cedrus deodara (Deodar Cedar) - introduced Cedrus libani (Lebanon Cedar) - introduced
Chamaecyparis Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Lawson's Cypress) - introduced Chamaecyparis obtusa (Hinoki Cypress) - introduced Chamaecyparis pisifera (Sawara Cypress) - introduced
Cryptomeria Cryptomeria japonica (Sugi) - introduced
Cupressus Cupressus arizonica (Arizona Cypress) - introduced Cupressus macrocarpa (Monterey Cypress) - introduced
Juniperus (junipers) Juniperus chinensis (Chinese Juniper) - introduced Juniperus communis (Common Juniper) Juniperus horizontalis (Creeping Juniper) Juniperus sabina (Savin Juniper) - introduced Juniperus scopulorum (Rocky Mountain juniper) Juniperus virginiana (Eastern Juniper)
Larix (larches) Larix decidua (European Larch) - introduced Larix gmelinii (Dahurian Larch) - introduced Larix kaempferi (Japanese Larch) - introduced Larix laricina (Tamarack Larch) Larix lyallii (Subalpine Larch) Larix occidentalis (Western Larch) Larix sibirica (Siberian Larche) - introduced
Metasequoia Metasequoia glyptostroboides (Dawn Redwood) - introduced
Picea (spruces) Picea abies (Norway Spruce) - introduced Picea engelmannii (Engelmann Spruce) Picea glauca (White Spruce) Picea mariana (Black Spruce) Picea omorika (Serbian Spruce) - introduced Picea pungens (Colorado Spruce) - introduced Picea rubens (Red Spruce) Picea sitchensis (Sitka Spruce)
Pinus (pines) Pinus albicaulis (Whitebark Pine) Pinus aristata (Bristlecone Pine) - introduced Pinus banksiana (Jack Pine) Pinus contorta subsp. contorta Shore Pine Pinus contorta subsp. latifolia Lodgepole Pine Pinus flexilis (Limber Pine) Pinus monticola (Western White Pine) Pinus mugo (Mountain Pine) - introduced Pinus nigra (European Black Pine) or Austrian Pine - introduced Pinus ponderosa (Ponderosa Pine) Pinus resinosa (Red Pine) Pinus rigida (Pitch Pine) Pinus strobus (eastern white pine) Pinus sylvestris (Scots Pine) - introduced
Platycladus Platycladus orientalis (Chinese Arborvitae) (previously known as Thuja orientalis) - introduced
Pseudotsuga Pseudotsuga menziesii subsp. menziesii (Coast Douglas-fir) Pseudotsuga menziesii subsp. glauca (Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir)
Sciadopitys Sciadopitys verticillata (Umbrella-pine) - introduced
Sequoia Sequoia sempervirens (Coast Redwood) - introduced
Sequoiadendron Sequoiadendron giganteum (Giant Sequoia) - introduced
Taxodium (cypresses) Taxodium distichum (Baldcypress) - introduced
Taxus (yews) Taxus baccata (English Yew) - introduced Taxus brevifolia (Western Yew) Taxus canadensis (Canada Yew) Taxus cuspidata (Japanese Yew) - introduced
Thuja (thujas) Thuja occidentalis (Eastern Arborvitae) Thuja plicata (Western Redcedar)
Tsuga (hemlocks) Tsuga canadensis (Eastern Hemlock) Tsuga heterophylla (Western Hemlock) Tsuga mertensiana (Mountain Hemlock)
Xanthocyparis Xanthocyparis nootkatensis (Nootka Cypress, Yellow-cedar) (previously included in Chamaecyparis)
Ginkgophyta (Ginkgos) Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo) - introduced
Magnoliophyta (Broadleaves)
Acer (maples) Acer circinatum (Vine maple) Acer × freemanii (Freeman's maple) (hybrid red maple × silver maple) Acer ginnala (Amur maple) - introduced Acer glabrum (Douglas maple) Acer macrophyllum (Bigleaf maple) Acer negundo (Manitoba maple or boxelder) Acer nigrum (Black maple) Acer palmatum (Japanese maple) - introduced Acer pensylvanicum (Striped maple) Acer platanoides (Norway maple) - introduced Acer pseudoplatanus (Sycamore maple) - introduced Acer rubrum (Red maple) Acer saccharinum (Silver maple) Acer saccharum (Sugar maple) Acer spicatum (Mountain maple)
Aesculus (buckeyes and horse-chestnuts) Aesculus × carnea (Red Horse-chestnut) - introduced Aesculus glabra (Ohio Buckeye) Aesculus hippocastanum (Common Horse-chestnut) - introduced
Ailanthus Ailanthus altissima (Ailanthus) - introduced
Alnus (alders) Alnus glutinosa (Black alder) - introduced Alnus incana (Speckled alder) Alnus rubra (Red alder) Alnus serrulata (Hazel alder) Alnus viridis (Green alder)
Amelanchier (serviceberries) Amelanchier alnifolia (Juneberry or Saskatoon berry) Amelanchier arborea (Downy serviceberry) Amelanchier bartramiana (Mountain serviceberry) Amelanchier florida (Pacific serviceberry) Amelanchier laevis (Smooth serviceberry) Amelanchier sanguinea (Roundleaf serviceberry)
Aralia Aralia elata (Japanese angelica-tree) - introduced
Arbutus Arbutus menziesii (Pacific Madrone)
Asimina Asimina triloba (Pawpaw)
Betula (birches) Betula alleghaniensis (Yellow Birch) Betula cordifolia (Mountain Paper Birch) Betula kenaica (Kenai Paper Birch) Betula lenta (Cherry Birch) Betula neoalaskana (Alaska Paper Birch) Betula occidentalis (Water Birch) Betula papyrifera (Paper Birch) Betula pendula (Silver Birch) - introduced Betula populifolia (Gray Birch)
Caragana Caragana arborescens (Siberian pea-tree) - introduced
Carpinus (hornbeams) Carpinus betulus (European Hornbeam) - introduced Carpinus caroliniana (American Hornbeam)
Carya (hickories) Carya cordiformis (Bitternut Hickory) Carya glabra (Pignut Hickory) Carya laciniosa (Shellbark Hickory) Carya ovata (Shagbark Hickory)
Castanea (chestnuts) Castanea dentata (American Chestnut) Castanea mollissima (Chinese Chestnut) - introduced
Catalpa (catalpas) Catalpa bignonioides (Southern catalpa) - introduced Catalpa ovata (Japanese catalpa) - introduced Catalpa speciosa (Northern catalpa) - introduced
Celtis (hackberries) Celtis occidentalis (Hackberry) Celtis tenuifolia (Dwarf hackberry)
Cephalanthus Cephalanthus occidentalis (Button-bush))
Cercidiphyllum Cercidiphyllum japonicum (Katsura-tree) - introduced
Cercis Cercis canadensis (Redbud)
Cladrastis Cladrastis kentukea (Yellow-wood) - introduced
Cornus (dogwoods) Cornus alternifolia (Alternate-leaved dogwood) Cornus florida (Flowering Dogwood) Cornus kousa (Kousa Dogwood) - introduced Cornus mas (European Cornel) - introduced Cornus nuttallii (Pacific Dogwood)
Corylus (hazels ) Corylus americana (American Hazel) Corylus avellana (Common hazel) - introduced Corylus colurna (Turkish Hazel) - introduced Corylus cornuta (Beaked Hazel) Corylus maxima (Filbert) - introduced
Cotinus Cotinus coggygria (Smokebush) - introduced
Crataegus (Hawthorns) - too many species to list.
Elaeagnus Elaeagnus angustifolia (Russian-olive) - introduced Elaeagnus commutata (Silverberry)
Euonymus (Euonymus) Euonymus alatus (Winged euonymus) - introduced Euonymus atropurpureus (Burning-bush) euonymus Euonymus europaeus (European spindle) - introduced Euonymus fortunei (Winter-creeper euonymus) - introduced
Fagus (beeches) Fagus grandifolia (American Beech) Fagus sylvatica (European beech) - introduced
Fraxinus (ashes) Fraxinus americana (White Ash) Fraxinus excelsior (European Ash) - introduced Fraxinus latifolia (Oregon Ash) Fraxinus nigra (Black Ash) Fraxinus pennsylvanica (Green Ash) Fraxinus profunda (Pumpkin Ash) Fraxinus quadrangulata (Blue Ash)
Gleditsia Gleditsia triacanthos (Honey-locust)
Gymnocladus Gymnocladus dioicus (Kentucky coffee-tree)
Hamamelis Hamamelis virginiana (Witch-hazel)
Hippophae Hippophae rhamnoides (Sea-buckthorn) - introduced
Ilex (hollies) Ilex aquifolium (English Holly) - introduced Ilex mucronata (Mountain Holly; syn. Nemopanthus mucronatus) Ilex opaca (American Holly) - introduced Ilex verticillata (Common Winterberry)
Juglans (walnuts) Juglans cinerea (Butternut) Juglans nigra (Black Walnut) Juglans regia (Persian Walnut) - introduced
Laburnum Laburnum anagyroides (Laburnum) - introduced
Liquidambar Liquidambar styraciflua (sweetgum) - introduced
Liriodendron Liriodendron tulipifera (tulip tree)
Maclura Maclura pomifera (Osage-orange) - introduced
Magnolia (magnolias) Magnolia acuminata (Cucumber tree) Magnolia × soulangeana (Saucer magnolia) - introduced
Malus (apples) Malus baccata (Siberian crab apple) - introduced Malus coronaria (Wild crab apple) Malus fusca (Pacific crab apple) Malus sylvestris (Common apple) - introduced
Morus (mulberries) Morus alba (White Mulberry) - introduced Morus rubra (Red Mulberry)
Myrica Myrica californica (Pacific bayberry)
Nemopanthus – see Ilex
Nyssa (tupelos) Nyssa sylvatica (Black tupelo)
Ostrya Ostrya virginiana (American hornbeam or Ironwood)
Phellodendron Phellodendron amurense (Amur cork-tree) - introduced
Platanus (planes) Platanus × hispanica (London plane) - introduced Platanus occidentalis (American sycamore)
Populus (poplars, balsam poplars, aspens, cottonwoods) Populus × acuminata (Lanceleaf cottonwood) Populus alba (White Poplar) - introduced Populus angustifolia (Narrowleaf cottonwood) Populus balsamifera (Eastern Balsam Poplar) Populus × canadensis (Carolina poplar) - introduced Populus deltoides (Eastern Cottonwood) Populus grandidentata (Bigtooth Aspen) Populus heterophylla (Swamp cottonwood) Populus × jackii (Jack's hybrid poplar) Populus nigra (Black Poplar, Lombardy poplar) - introduced Populus simonii (Simon's poplar) - introduced Populus tremuloides (Trembling Aspen) Populus trichocarpa (Black Cottonwood)
Prunus (cherries, plums, peaches) Prunus americana (American plum) Prunus armeniaca (Apricot) - introduced Prunus avium (Sweet cherry) - introduced Prunus cerasus (Sour cherry) - introduced Prunus emarginata (Bitter cherry) Prunus maackii (Amur chokecherry) - introduced Prunus nigra (Canada plum) Prunus pensylvanica (Pin cherry) Prunus serotina (Black cherry) Prunus serrulata (Japanese flowering cherry) - introduced Prunus virginiana (Chokecherry)
Ptelea Ptelea trifoliata (Hoptree)
Pyrus (pears) Pyrus communis (Common pear)
Quercus (oaks) Quercus alba (white oak) Quercus bicolor (Swamp white oak) Quercus coccinea (Scarlet oak) Quercus ellipsoidalis (Northern pin oak) Quercus garryana (Garry oak) Quercus ilicifolia (Bear oak) Quercus imbricaria (Shingle oak) Quercus macrocarpa (Bur oak) Quercus montana (Chestnut oak) Quercus muehlenbergii (Chinquapin oak) Quercus palustris (Pin oak) Quercus prinoides (Dwarf chinquapin oak) Quercus robur (English oak) - introduced Quercus rubra (Northern red oak) Quercus shumardii (Shumard oak) Quercus velutina (Black oak)
Rhamnus (buckthorns) Rhamnus cathartica (European buckthorn) - introduced Rhamnus frangula (Glossy buckthorn) - introduced Rhamnus purshiana (Cascara buckthorn)
Rhododendron (rhododendrons) Rhododendron macrophyllum (Pacific rhododendron) Rhododendron maximum (Rosebay rhododendron) - introduced Rhododendron ponticum (Pontic rhododendron) - introduced
Rhus (sumacs) Rhus copallina (Shining sumac) Rhus glabra (Smooth sumac) Rhus typhina (Staghorn sumac)
Robinia Robinia pseudoacacia (Black locust) - introduced
Sassafras Sassafras albidum (Sassafras)