Provinces () are the first-level administrative divisions of Indonesia. They were formerly called first-level provincial regions (), before the Reform era. Provinces have a local government, consisting of a governor (), a Vice-Governor and a regional legislative body (). The governor and members of local representative bodies are elected by popular vote for five-year terms, but governors can only serve for two terms. Provincial governments have the authority to regulate and manage their own government affairs, subject to the limits of the central government. The average land area of all 38 provinces in Indonesia (which totals 1,890,179.8 km2) is about , and they had an average population of 7,485,232 people in mid-2025.

Indonesia is divided into 38 provinces, nine of which have special autonomous status. The terms for special status are "" and "", which translate to "special", or "designated". Provinces are further divided into regencies and cities (formerly called second-level region regencies/cities, or ), which are in turn subdivided into districts (). Proposals for the creation of additional provinces (by the splitting of existing ones) have been considered by the Indonesian government, but further action has been suspended since 2013 under a moratorium. However, in 2022, nine years later, Central Papua, Highland Papua, South Papua, and Southwest Papua were created and became the youngest provinces in the country. The enactment of the Law on State Capital in 2022 established a future provincial-level city, Nusantara, which would officially become the 39th province after a presidential decree on relocating the state capital is issued, and it would replace Jakarta as the nation's capital city.

Background Article 18 paragraph 1 of the 1945 Constitution states that "the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia is divided into provincial regions and those provincial regions are divided into regencies and cities, whereby every one of those provinces, regencies, and municipalities has its regional government, which shall be regulated by laws." This constitutional framework is applied across a geographically dispersed archipelago, reinforcing administrative cohesion over both terrestrial and maritime regions, in line with Indonesia's recognition as a unified archipelagic state under international law.

According to the Law on Regional Government (UU 23/2014) the authority of the Provincial Government includes:

Development planning and control; Planning, utilization, and community peace; Implementation of public order and public peace; Provision of public facilities and infrastructure; Handling the health sector; Education and allocation of potential human resources; Handling social problems across regencies/cities; Services in the field of manpower across regencies/cities; Facilitating the development of cooperatives, small and medium enterprises, including across districts/cities; Environmental control; Defense services, including across regencies/cities; Population and civil registration services; Government general administration services; Investment administration services, including across regencies/cities; The implementation of other basic services that cannot be carried out by regencies/cities; and Other mandatory affairs mandated by laws and regulations.

The authority of the provincial government are government affairs which are located across regencies/municipalities, government affairs whose users are across regencies/municipalities, government affairs whose benefits or negative impacts lie across regencies/municipalities, government affairs which use more resources. efficient if carried out by the province.

Each province has a local government, headed by a governor and a legislative body (DPRD). The governor and members of local representative bodies are elected by popular vote for five-year terms, but governors can only serve for two terms. The general election to elect members of the DPRDs is conducted simultaneously with the national general election. Previously, the general elections for Governor and Vice Governor were not held simultaneously. However, since 2015 regional head elections have been held simultaneously. Under the plan, simultaneous partial local elections were held in February 2017, June 2018 and December 2020, culminating in simultaneous elections for all local executive posts in November 2024 and then every five years.

Current provinces

Code Coat of arms Name City Geographicalunit LandArea(km2) PopulationBadan Pusat Statistik/Statistics Indonesia, Jakarta, 2026. Densityper km2Badan Pusat Statistik/Statistics Indonesia, Jakarta, 2026. 2nd Level ISOISO 3166-2:ID (ISO 3166-2 codes for the provinces of Indonesia) Banda Aceh Sumatra 56,835.02 5,626,000 99 5 18 North Sumatra Sumatera Utara Medan Sumatra 72,437.76 15,785,800 218 8 25 West Sumatra Sumatera Barat Padang Sumatra 42,107.67 5,914,300 140 7 12 Riau Pekanbaru Sumatra 89,900.78 6,811,200 76 2 10 Jambi Jambi Sumatra 49,023.04 3,768,500 77 2 9 South Sumatra Sumatera Selatan Palembang Sumatra 86,771.92 8,928,500 103 4 13 Bengkulu Bengkulu Sumatra 20,122.21 2,138,000 106 1 9 Lampung Bandar Lampung Sumatra 33,570.76 9,522,900 284 2 13 Bangka Belitung Islands Kepulauan Bangka Belitung Pangkal Pinang Sumatra 16,690.23 1,550,800 93 1 6 Riau Islands Kepulauan Riau Tanjung Pinang Batam Sumatra 8,170.38 2,213,500 268 2 5 Central Jakarta East Jakarta Java 661.53 10,678,000 16,155 5 1 West Java Jawa Barat Bandung Bekasi Java 37,053.33 50,759,000 1,370 9 18 Central Java Jawa Tengah Semarang Java 34,347.43 38,233,900 1,113 6 29 Yogyakarta Java 3,170.36 3,781,500 1,193 1 4 East Java Jawa Timur Surabaya Java 48,055.88 42,089,300 876 9 29 Banten Serang Tangerang Java 9,355.88 12,537,400 1,341 4 4 Bali Denpasar Lesser Sunda Islands 5,582.83 4,461,300 798 1 8 West Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Barat Mataram Lesser Sunda Islands 19,631.99 5,731,100 291 2 8 East Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Timur Kupang Lesser Sunda Islands 46,378.11 5,742,600 124 1 21 West Kalimantan Kalimantan Barat Pontianak Kalimantan 147,018.06 5,766,000 39 2 12 Central Kalimantan Kalimantan Tengah Palangka Raya Kalimantan 153,430.36 2,845,000 19 1 13 South Kalimantan Kalimantan Selatan Banjarbaru Banjarmasin Kalimantan 37,125.43 4,323,300 116 2 11 East Kalimantan Kalimantan Timur Samarinda Kalimantan 126,951.76 4,267,600 34 3 7 North Kalimantan Kalimantan Utara Tanjung Selor Tarakan Kalimantan 69,900.89 749,400 11 1 4 North Sulawesi Sulawesi Utara Manado Sulawesi 14,488.43 2,721,400 188 4 11 Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Tengah Palu Sulawesi 61,496.98 3,156,100 51 1 12 South Sulawesi Sulawesi Selatan Makassar Sulawesi 45,323.98 9,563,100 211 3 21 Southeast Sulawesi Sulawesi Tenggara Kendari Sulawesi 36,139.30 2,836,700 78 2 15 Gorontalo Gorontalo Sulawesi 12,024.98 1,242,200 103 1 5 West Sulawesi Sulawesi Barat Mamuju Sulawesi 16,590.67 1,525,300 92 6 Maluku Ambon Maluku Islands 46,133.83 1,970,600 43 2 9 North Maluku Maluku Utara Sofifi Ternate Maluku Islands 31,465.98 1,373,800 42 2 8 Papua Papua Jayapura Western New Guinea 81,383.32 1,073,600 13 1 8 West Papua Papua Barat Manokwari Western New Guinea 60,308.59 587,600 10 7 South Papua Papua Selatan Merauke Western New Guinea 117,858.97 549,700 5 4 Central Papua Papua Tengah Nabire Timika Western New Guinea 61,079.59 1,492,300 24 8 Highland Papua Papua Pegunungan Jayawijaya Western New Guinea 52,508.66 1,484,900 29 8 Southwest Papua Papua Barat Daya Sorong Western New Guinea 39,103.06 636,400 16 1 5

Special autonomy The decentralization of some power and autonomy to provinces is called for by Article 18 of the Constitution of Indonesia, and this article was expanded through amendments in October 1999 in the period following the fall of Suharto. Some provinces have been granted additional autonomy beyond this, although Indonesia is not a federated state. The form this special autonomy takes is not standardized, with provinces gaining different formulations of specific autonomy based on particular political imperatives. The Special Region of Yogyakarta, which was autonomous under Dutch rule, was (along with Surakarta) given consideration for autonomy as part of Law no. 1 of 1945. Autonomy for Yogyakarta was confirmed directly through Law no. 3 of 1950, the first granting of special autonomy to a province. This status has been maintained until the present, with some tweaks from additional laws. Sultan Hamengkubuwono serves as a hereditary governor and Adipati Paku Alam as a hereditary vice-governor. The insurgency in Aceh due to demands for a stricter implementation of Islamic law by the Free Aceh Movement has led to several shifts in political status. Specific autonomy was initially granted to the province through Law no. 24 of 1956. Further autonomy was given through the declaration that Aceh was a "special region" on 23 May 1959, later formalized through Law no. 18 of 1965. Following the fall of Suharto, Law no. 44 of 1999 and Law no. 18 of 2001 created a new framework that was adopted by both parties through Law no. 11 of 2006. This law provides privileged status regarding implementation of Islamic law in religious life, customary life and education for Muslim citizens. Aceh also received its own development fund for a period of 20 years. The province of Papua was granted special autonomy through Law no. 21 of 2001. This was a response to independence movements that had been present in the province since it became part of Indonesia, and occurred alongside the renaming of the province from Irian Jaya to Papua. This gave Papua a greater portion of revenue, autonomy outside reserved areas maintained by the central government, and 20 years of a special development fund. Before special autonomy was implemented, West Papua was split from Papua in 2003, although both kept special autonomy. The special autonomy for both provinces was renewed in 2021, including a renewal and increase of the special autonomy fund. Included in this new legislation was the provision to create new provinces, and in July 2022 new national legislation split South Papua, Central Papua, Highland Papua from Papua through Law Number 14 of 2022, Law Number 15 of 2022, and Law Number 16 of 2022 respectively. Law No. 29 of 2022 was enacted in December 2022 splitting Southwest Papua from West Papua. All the split provinces retained their autonomous status. The Special Capital Region of Jakarta has its own status, due to it being the country's capital and largest city.

Geographical units

The provinces are officially grouped into seven geographical units for statistical and national planning purposes, but without administrative function.ISO 3166-2:ID