Events Pre-1600 332 – Emperor Constantine the Great announces free distributions of food to the citizens in Constantinople. Two volume paperback edition 1986: and 872 – Louis II of Italy is crowned for the second time as Holy Roman Emperor at Rome, at the age of 47. His first coronation was 28 years earlier, in 844, during the reign of his father Lothair I. 1012 – Pope Benedict VIII begins his papacy following the death of his predecessor Pope Sergius IV earlier that month. 1096 – First Crusade: Around 800 Jews are massacred in Worms, Germany. 1152 – The future Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. He would become king two years later, after the death of his cousin once removed King Stephen of England. 1268 – The Principality of Antioch, a crusader state, falls to the Mamluk Sultan Baibars in the Siege of Antioch. 1291 – Fall of Acre, the end of Crusader presence in the Holy Land. 1302 – Bruges Matins, the nocturnal massacre of the French garrison in Bruges by members of the local Flemish militia. 1388 – During the Battle of Buyur Lake, General Lan Yu leads a Ming army forward to crush the Mongol hordes of Tögüs Temür, the Khan of Northern Yuan. 1499 – Alonso de Ojeda sets sail from Cádiz on his voyage to what is now Venezuela. 1565 – The Great Siege of Malta begins, in which Ottoman forces attempt and fail to conquer Malta. 1593 – Playwright Thomas Kyd's accusations of heresy lead to an arrest warrant for Christopher Marlowe.
1601–1900 1631 – In Dorchester, Massachusetts, John Winthrop takes the oath of office and becomes the first Governor of Massachusetts. 1652 – Slavery in Rhode Island is abolished, although the law is not rigorously enforced. 1695 – The 1695 Linfen earthquake in Shannxi, Qing dynasty causes extreme damage and kills at least 52,000 people. 1756 – The Seven Years' War begins when Great Britain declares war on France. 1783 – First United Empire Loyalists reach Parrtown (later called Saint John, New Brunswick), Canada, after leaving the United States. 1794 – Battle of Tourcoing during the Flanders Campaign of the War of the First Coalition. 1803 – Napoleonic Wars: The United Kingdom revokes the Treaty of Amiens and declares war on France. 1804 – Napoleon Bonaparte is proclaimed Emperor of the French by the French Senate. 1811 – Battle of Las Piedras: The first great military triumph of the revolution of the Río de la Plata in Uruguay led by José Artigas. 1812 – John Bellingham is found guilty and sentenced to death by hanging for the assassination of British Prime Minister Spencer Perceval. 1843 – The Disruption in Edinburgh of the Free Church of Scotland from the Church of Scotland. 1848 – Opening of the first German National Assembly (Nationalversammlung) in Frankfurt, Germany. 1860 – United States presidential election: Abraham Lincoln wins the Republican Party presidential nomination over William H. Seward, who later becomes the United States Secretary of State. 1863 – American Civil War: Union forces under Ulysses S. Grant begin the Siege of Vicksburg during the Vicksburg campaign in order to take full control of the Mississippi River. 1896 – The United States Supreme Court rules in Plessy v. Ferguson that the "separate but equal" doctrine is constitutional. 1896 – Khodynka Tragedy: A mass panic on Khodynka Field in Moscow during the festivities of the coronation of Russian Tsar Nicholas II results in the deaths of 1,389 people. 1900 – The United Kingdom proclaims a protectorate over Tonga.
1901–present 1912 – The first Indian film, Shree Pundalik by Dadasaheb Torne, is released in Mumbai. 1917 – World War I: The Selective Service Act of 1917 is passed, giving the President of the United States the power of conscription. 1922 – Seamus Woods and Roger McCorley lead an Irish Republican Army attack on the headquarters of the Royal Irish Constabulary in Belfast. 1926 – Evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson disappears in Venice, California. 1927 – The Bath School disaster: Forty-five people, including many children, are killed by bombs planted by a disgruntled school-board member in Bath Township, Michigan. 1927 – After being founded for 20 years, the Nationalist government approves Tongji University to be among its first national universities. 1933 – New Deal: President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs an act creating the Tennessee Valley Authority. 1944 – World War II: Battle of Monte Cassino: Conclusion after seven days of the fourth battle as German paratroopers evacuate Monte Cassino. 1944 – Deportation of Crimean Tatars by the Soviet Union. 1948 – The First Legislative Yuan of the Republic of China officially convenes in Nanking. 1953 – Jacqueline Cochran becomes the first woman to break the sound barrier. 1955 – Operation Passage to Freedom, the evacuation of 310,000 Vietnamese civilians, soldiers and non-Vietnamese members of the French Army from communist North Vietnam to South Vietnam following the end of the First Indochina War, ends. 1962 – The French government and representatives of the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic reach a settlement to end the Algerian war in the Évian Accords. 1965 – Israeli spy Eli Cohen is hanged in Damascus, Syria. 1969 – Apollo program: Apollo 10 is launched. 1972 – During approach to Kharkiv International Airport, Aeroflot Flight 1491 crashes near Ruska Lozova, killing all 112 aboard. 1973 – Aeroflot Flight 109 is hijacked mid-flight and the aircraft is subsequently destroyed when the hijacker's bomb explodes, killing all 82 people on board. 1974 – Nuclear weapons testing: Under project Smiling Buddha, India successfully detonates its first nuclear weapon becoming the sixth nation to do so. 1977 – Likud party wins the 1977 Israeli legislative election, with Menachem Begin, its founder, as the sixth Prime Minister of Israel. 1980 – Mount St. Helens erupts in Washington, United States, killing 57 people and causing $3 billion in damage. 1980 – Students in Gwangju, South Korea begin demonstrations calling for democratic reforms. 1980 – Rioting spreads to Miami's mostly African-American neighborhoods of Overtown and Liberty City following the previous day's courthouse protests. 1990 – In France, a modified TGV train achieves a new rail world speed record of 515.3 km/h (320.2 mph). 1991 – Northern Somalia declares independence from the rest of Somalia as the Republic of Somaliland. 1993 – Riots in Nørrebro, Copenhagen, caused by the approval of the four Danish exceptions in the Maastricht Treaty referendum. Police open fire against civilians for the first time since World War II and injure 11 demonstrators. 1994 – Israeli troops finish withdrawing from the Gaza Strip, ceding the area to the Palestinian National Authority to govern. 2005 – A second photo from the Hubble Space Telescope confirms that Pluto has two additional moons, Nix and Hydra. 2006 – The post Loktantra Andolan government passes a landmark bill curtailing the power of the monarchy and making Nepal a secular country. 2009 – The LTTE are defeated by the Sri Lankan government, ending almost 26 years of fighting between the two sides. 2015 – At least 78 people die in a landslide caused by heavy rains in the Colombian town of Salgar. 2018 – A school shooting at Santa Fe High School in Texas kills ten people. 2018 – Cubana de Aviación Flight 972 crashes in Santiago de las Vegas after takeoff from José Martí International Airport in Havana, Cuba, killing 112 of the 113 people on board. 2019 – United States presidential election: Joe Biden launches his presidential campaign. 2026 – A shooting carried out by two gunmen at the Islamic Center of San Diego results in the deaths of five people, including the perpetrators.
Births Pre-1600 1048 – Omar Khayyám, Persian mathematician, astronomer, and poet (died 1131) 1186 – Konstantin of Rostov (died 1218) 1450 – Piero Soderini, Italian politician and diplomat (died 1513) 1537 – Guido Luca Ferrero, Roman Catholic cardinal (died 1585)
1601–1900 1631 – Stanislaus Papczyński, Polish priest and saint (died 1701) 1662 – George Smalridge, English bishop (died 1719) 1692 – (O.S.) Joseph Butler, English bishop, theologian, and apologist (died 1752) 1711 – Roger Joseph Boscovich, Ragusan physicist, astronomer, and mathematician (died 1787) 1777 – John George Children, English chemist, mineralogist, and zoologist (died 1852) 1778 – Charles Vane, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry, Irish soldier and diplomat, British Ambassador to Austria (died 1854) 1785 – John Wilson, Scottish author and critic (died 1854) 1797 – Frederick Augustus II of Saxony (died 1854) 1822 – Mathew Brady, American photographer and journalist (died 1896) 1824 – Wilhelm Hofmeister, German botanist (died 1877) 1835 – Charles N. Sims, American Methodist preacher and 3rd chancellor of Syracuse University (died 1908) 1850 – Oliver Heaviside, English engineer, mathematician, and physicist (died 1925) 1851 – James Budd, American lawyer and politician, 19th Governor of California (died 1908) 1851 – Simon Kahquados, Potawatomi political activist (died 1930) 1852 – Gertrude Käsebier, American photographer (died 1934) 1854 – Bernard Zweers, Dutch composer and educator (died 1924) 1855 – Francis Bellamy, American minister and author (died 1931) 1862 – Josephus Daniels, American publisher and politician, 41st United States Secretary of the Navy (died 1948) 1867 – Minakata Kumagusu, Japanese author, biologist, naturalist and ethnologist (died 1941) 1868 – Nicholas II of Russia (died 1918) 1869 – Lucy Beaumont, English-American actress (died 1937) 1871 – Denis Horgan, Irish shot putter and weight thrower (died 1922) 1872 – Bertrand Russell, British mathematician, historian, and philosopher, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1970) 1876 – Hermann Müller, German journalist and politician, 12th Chancellor of Germany (died 1931) 1878 – Johannes Terwogt, Dutch rower (died 1977) 1882 – Babe Adams, American baseball player, manager, and journalist (died 1968) 1883 – Eurico Gaspar Dutra, Brazilian marshal and politician, 16th President of Brazil (died 1974) 1883 – Walter Gropius, German-American architect, designed the John F. Kennedy Federal Building (died 1969) 1886 – Jeanie MacPherson, American actress and screenwriter (died 1946) 1888 – (O.S.) Hanna Barysevich, the oldest female resident of Belarus not registered by the Guinness Book of Records. (died 2007) 1889 – Thomas Midgley Jr., American chemist and engineer (died 1944) 1891 – Rudolf Carnap, German-American philosopher and academic (died 1970) 1892 – Ezio Pinza, Italian-American actor and singer (died 1957) 1895 – Augusto César Sandino, Nicaraguan rebel leader (died 1934) 1896 – Eric Backman, Swedish runner (died 1965) 1897 – Frank Capra, Italian-American director, producer, and screenwriter (died 1991) 1898 – Faruk Nafiz Çamlıbel, Turkish poet, author, and playwright (died 1973)
1901–present 1901 – Henri Sauguet, French composer (died 1989) 1901 – Vincent du Vigneaud, American biochemist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1978) 1902 – Meredith Willson, American playwright and composer (died 1984) 1904 – Jacob K. Javits, American colonel and politician, 58th New York Attorney General (died 1986) 1904 – Shunryū Suzuki, Japanese-American monk and educator (died 1971) 1905 – Ruth Alexander, pioneering American pilot (died 1930) 1905 – Hedley Verity, English cricketer and soldier (died 1943) 1907 – Irene Hunt, American author and educator (died 2001) 1909 – Fred Perry, English tennis player and academic (died 1995) 1910 – Ester Boserup, Danish economist and author (died 1999) 1911 – Big Joe Turner, American blues/R&B singer (died 1985) 1912 – Richard Brooks, American director, producer, and screenwriter (died 1992) 1912 – Perry Como, American singer and television host (died 2001) 1912 – Walter Sisulu, South African politician (died 2003) 1913 – Jane Birdwood, Baroness Birdwood, Canadian-English publisher and politician (died 2000)