Aix-Marseille University (AMU; ; formally incorporated as ) is a public research university located in the Provence region of southern France. It was founded in 1409 when Louis II of Anjou, Count of Provence, petitioned the Pisan Antipope Alexander V to establish the University of Provence,C. D. O'Malley, The History of Medical Education: UCLA Forum in Medical Sciences, University of California Press, 1970, p. 125 making it one of the oldest universities in the Francophone world. The institution came into its current form in 2012 following the reunification of the University of Provence, the University of the Mediterranean and Paul Cézanne University, resulting in the creation of the largest university in the French-speaking world in terms of its student body, its faculty and staff, and its budget that currently stands at €856 million.
The university is organized around five main campuses situated in Aix-en-Provence and Marseille. Apart from its major campuses, AMU owns and operates facilities in Arles, Aubagne, Avignon, Digne-les-Bains, Gap, La Ciotat, Lambesc and Salon-de-Provence. The university is headquartered in the 7th arrondissement of Marseille.
AMU has produced many notable alumni in the fields of law, politics, business, economics, and the arts. To date, there have been five Nobel Prize laureates amongst its alumni and faculty, as well as a two-time recipient of the Pulitzer Prize, six César Award winners, multiple heads of state or government, parliamentary speakers, government ministers, judges, ambassadors, and members of the constituent academies of the .
AMU has hundreds of research and teaching partnerships, including close collaboration with the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), and Électricité de France (EDF). AMU is a member of numerous academic organisations including the European University Association (EUA), the Mediterranean Universities Union (UNIMED), and the Udice Group.
History Early history (1409–1800)
The institution developed out of the original University of Provence, founded on 9 December 1409 as a studium generale by Louis II of Anjou, Count of Provence, and recognized by papal bull issued by the Pisan Antipope Alexander V.1409–2009 "Une Université, une ville, une histoire" However, there is evidence that teaching in Aix existed in some form from the beginning of the 12th century, since there were a doctor of theology in 1100, a doctor of law in 1200 and a professor of law in 1320 on the books.For a summary description of all of the set of scholars and literati who intervened in teaching at the University of Aix from its creation until 1793, see David de la Croix and Alice Fabre,(2021). Scholars and Literati at the University of Aix (1409-1793).Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae/RETE. 4:35–44. The decision to establish the university was, in part, a response to the already-thriving University of Paris.Darwin Porter, Frommer's Provence & the Riviera, Wiley Publishing, Inc., 2010, p. 20 As a result, in order to be sure of the viability of the new institution, Louis II compelled his Provençal students to study in Aix only.Walter Rüegg, Hilde de Ridder-Symoens, A History of the University in Europe, Volume 1, Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 105 Thus, the letters patent for the university were granted, and the government of the university was created. The Archbishop of Aix-en-Provence, Thomas de Pupio, was appointed as the first chancellor of the university for the rest of his life. After his death in 1420, a new chancellor was elected by the rector, masters, and licentiates – an uncommon arrangement not repeated at any other French university. The rector was to be an "ordinary student", who had unrestricted civil and criminal jurisdiction in all cases where one party was a doctor or scholar of the university. Those displeased with the rector's decisions could appeal to a doctor legens. Eleven consiliarii provided assistance to the rector, being elected yearly by their predecessors. These individuals represented all faculties, but were elected from among the students. The constitution was of a student-university, and the instructors did not have great authority except in granting degrees.Carol Summerfield, Mary Elizabeth Devine, International Dictionary of University Histories, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1998, p. 418 A resident doctor or student who married was required to pay charivari to the university, the amount varying with the degree or status of the man, and being increased if the bride was a widow. Refusal to submit to this statutable extortion was punished by the assemblage of students at the summons of the rector with frying-pans, bassoons, and horns at the house of the newly married couple. Continued recusancy was followed by the piling up of dirt in front of their door upon every Feast-day. These injunctions were justified on the ground that the money extorted was devoted to divine service.Hastings Rashdall, The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, Volume 2 – Part 2, Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 648
In 1481, the County of Provence came under the dominion of the French rule, marking a significant shift in its political landscape.M. Malte-Brun, A system of universal geography, or a description of all the parts of the world, on a new plan, according to the great natural divisions of the globe, Boston, 1834, Vol. III, p. 1022 The university's continued existence was approved by Louis XII, and Aix-en-Provence remained a key provincial hub. It was, for instance, the seat of the Parlement of Aix-en-Provence from 1501 to 1789,"The Encyclopedia Americana", Volume 1, Grolier Incorporated, 2001, p. 432Martin Garrett, "Provence: A Cultural History", Oxford University Press, 2006, p. 103 no doubt aided by the presence of the law school.
In 1603, Henry IV established the Collège Royal de Bourbon in Aix-en-Provence for the study of belles-lettres and philosophy,William Darrach Halsey, Emanuel Friedman, "Collier's Encyclopedia", Macmillan Educational Co., 1983, p. 412 supplementing the traditional faculties of the university, but not formally a part of it. This college de plain exercice became a significant seat of learning, under the control of the Jesuits. Throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, the college frequently served as a preparatory, but unaffiliated, school for the university. Only the university was entitled to award degrees in the theology, law, and medicine; but candidates for degrees had first to pass an examination in philosophy, which was only provided by the college. Universities basically accepted candidates who had studied in colleges formally affiliated with them, which in reality required both college and university to be situated in the same city. In 1762 the Jesuits were forced to leave France, and in 1763 the college was officially affiliated with the university as a faculty of arts.Walter Rüegg, Hilde De Ridder-Symoens, A History of the University in Europe, Volume 2, Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 87 The addition of the Collège Royal de Bourbon essentially widened the scope of courses provided at the University of Provence. Formal instruction in French was initially provided at the college, with texts and a structured course of study. Physics later became a part of the curriculum at the college as a part of the philosophy course in the 18th century. In 1741, equipment for conducting experiments was acquired, and the first experimental physics course was offered at Aix-en-Provence. Classical mechanics, however, was only taught after 1755, when the physicist Aimé-Henri Paulian offered his first class and Isaac Newton's Principia and commentaries were obtained for the library.
Another point of significance is that decades later, in 1852, Paul Cézanne entered the Collège Royal de Bourbon where he met and befriended Émile Zola. This friendship was decisive for both men so they had successful careers – Cézanne as a painter and Zola as a writer.Paul Cézanne - Lefevre Fine Art Among their closest friends at the college was Baptistin Baille, who went on to become a notable scientist and industrialist; together they were famously known as les trois inséparables (the three inseparables).
The French Revolution, with its focus on the individual and an end to inherited privilege, saw the suppression of the universities. To the revolutionaries, universities embodied bastions of corporatism and established interests. Moreover, lands owned by the universities and utilized for their support, represented a source of wealth to be tapped by the revolutionary government, just as property possessed by the French Catholic Church had been confiscated. In 1792, the University of Provence, along with twenty-one other universities, was dissolved.Thomas Neville Bonner, Becoming a Physician: Medical Education in Britain, France, Germany, and the United States, 1750–1945, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000, p. 94 Specialized ecoles, with rigorous entrance examinations and open to anyone with talent, were eventually created in order to offer professional training in specialized areas. Nonetheless, the government found it necessary to allow the faculties of law and medicine to continue in Aix-en-Provence and Marseille in the early 19th century.
Modern era (1800–1968)
The founding of the Imperial University of France in 1806 marked a pivotal moment in the educational landscape at the dawn of the 19th century; it was one of the cornerstones of Napoleon's institutional reconstruction. Dedicated entirely to cultivating the managerial workforce that the country urgently needed, the Imperial University particularly focused on the fields of law and medicine.Records of the Imperial University of France - Archives Hub Consequently, in 1804, twelve law schools were reinstated by Napoleon, including that of Aix, which became part of the Imperial University in 1806. In 1818, École de Médecine was created in Marseille in order to train doctors in colonial medicine for France's expanding colonial empire. Subsequently, additional faculties were opened in Aix-en-Provence and Marseille to serve the changing needs of French society. For instance, Hippolyte Fortoul, who later served as Minister of the Navy and Colonies of France and then as Minister of Education and Public Worship of France, was the first dean and professor of a new faculty in French literature that was established with the approval of Louis Philippe I at Aix-en-Provence in 1846.Michael Glencross, Reconstructing Camelot: French Romantic Medievalism and the Arthurian Tradition, St Edmundsbury Press Ltd, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk, 1995, p. 85Joseph N. Moody, French Education since Napoleon, Syracuse University Press, 1978, p. 59 Later, the departmental council of the Bouches-du-Rhône founded a chair in the faculty of letters at Aix-en-Provence in the language and literature of southern Europe; their aim was to assist the commercial exploitation of the region by French business. In 1854, a new science faculty was created in Marseille to support the growing industrialization of the region.
The most significant development for the university in the 19th century, nevertheless, was the recreation of French universities in 1896.Fritz Ringer, Toward a Social History of Knowledge: Collected Essays, Berghahn Books, 2000, p. 84 The various faculties in Aix-en-Provence and Marseille were grouped into the new University of Aix-Marseille.Paul Monroe, A Cyclopedia of Education, A-CHR, Vol. 1 of 4, Forgotten Books, 2012, p. 70