Kalimantan

Kalimantan () is the Indonesian portion of the island of Borneo. It constitutes 73% of the island's area, and consists of the provinces of Central Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, North Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, and West Kalimantan. The non-Indonesian parts of Borneo are Brunei and East Malaysia. In Indonesia the whole island of Borneo is also called "Kalimantan".

In 2019, President of Indonesia Joko Widodo proposed that Indonesia's capital be moved to Kalimantan. The People's Consultative Assembly approved the Law on State Capital in January 2022. The future capital, Nusantara, is a planned city that will be carved out of East Kalimantan. A government official said construction is expected to be fully complete by 2045, but the unfinished capital officially celebrated Indonesian Independence Day for the first time and it was scheduled to be inaugurated as the capital city on 17 August 2024, but the move did not take place due to delays of construction.

Etymology The name Kalimantan is derived from the Sanskrit word , which means "burning weather island" or "very hot island", referring to its hot and humid tropical climate. It consists of the two words ("time, season, period") and ("boiling, churning, burning"). The native people of Indonesian Borneo referred to their island as Pulu K'lemantan or "Kalimantan" when the sixteenth century Portuguese explorer Jorge de Menezes made contact with them. Due to Europeans encountering the Bruneian Sultanate in the north part of the island during the Age of Exploration, the entire island has come to be called Borneo in English, with Kalimantan being known as Indonesian Borneo, but this name is not used in Indonesia itself.

In the early twentieth century, the British colonist Charles Hose described Kalimantan as being home to a "Klemantan people", but this term is no longer in use as Kalimantan has always had many ethnic groups.

Area

The Indonesian territory makes up 73% of the island by area, and 72.1% of its 2020 population of 23,053,723 (the population was 13,772,543 at the 2010 Census of Indonesia, and 16,625,796 at the 2020 Census).Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. The non-Indonesian parts of Borneo are of Brunei (460,345 in 2020) and East Malaysia (5,967,582 in 2020), the latter comprising the states of Sabah (3,418,785) and Sarawak (2,453,677), and the federal territory of Labuan (95,120).

Kalimantan's total area is .

The widespread deforestation and other environmental destruction in Kalimantan and other parts of Indonesia has often been described by academics as an ecocide.

Administrative divisions

Kalimantan is now divided into five provinces. It was administered as one province between 1945 and 1956, but in 1956 it was split into three provinces – East Kalimantan, South Kalimantan and West Kalimantan; then in 1957, the province of Central Kalimantan was created when it was split away from the existing South Kalimantan. There remained four provinces until 25 October 2012, when North Kalimantan was split off from East Kalimantan. These are listed below with their areas in km2 and their populations at the 2010 and 2020 Censuses, together with the official estimates as at mid 2023.

+ Provinces of Kalimantan Province Area (km2) Pop'n (2010 Census)Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. Pop'n (2015 InterimCensus) Pop'n (2020 Census) Pop'n mid-2023 estimate Density per km2(2023) Provin-cialcapital Largestmetropolitanarea West Kalimantan 147,037.04 4,395,983 4,783,209 5,396,821 5,623,328 38.2 Pontianak Central Kalimantan 153,443.90 2,202,599 2,490,178 2,669,969 2,773,747 18.1 Palangkaraya South Kalimantan 37,135.05 3,626,119 3,984,315 4,062,584 4,222,330 113.7 Banjarbaru Banjarmasin East Kalimantan 126,981.28 3,550,586 3,422,676* 3,766,039 3,909,740 30.8 Samarinda Nusantara North Kalimantan 70,101.00 524,526 639,639 701,814 730,010 10.4 Tanjung Selor Tarakan Total 534,698.27 14,299,813 15,320,017 16,597,227 17,259,155 32.3 – Nusantara

* excluding North Kalimantan, split off from East Kalimantan with resulting population and area loss for the 2015 census.

Demographics

Ethnic groups

Number of the largest population of ethnic groups according to the 2010 census: Ethnicity West Kalimantan Central Kalimantan South Kalimantan North and East Kalimantan Total Banjarese 14,430 (0.33%) 464,260 (21.28%) 2,686,627 (74.84%) 440,453 (12.45%) 3,605,770 (26.31%) Dayaks 1,531,989 (34.93%) 1,029,182 (46.62%) 80,708 (2.23%) 351,437 (9.94%) 2,993,316 (21.78%) Javanese 427,238 (9.74%) 478,393 (21.67%) 523,276 (14.51%) 1,069,605 (30.24%) 2,498,512 (18.18%) Malays 1,484,085 (33.84%) 87,348 (3.96%) 3,681 (0.10%) 6,053 (0.17%) 1,581,167 (11.51%) Buginese 137,282 (3.13%) 17,104 (0.77%) 101,727 (2.81%) 735,819 (20.81%) 991,932 (7.22%) Madurese 274,869 (6.27%) 42,668 (1.93%) 53,002 (1.47%) 46,823 (1.32%) 417,362 (3.04%) Chinese 358,451 (8.17%) 5,130 (0.23%) 13,000 (0.36%) 32,757 (0.93%) 409,338 (2.98%) Kutainese None None None 275,696 (7.80%) 275,696 (2.01%) Sundanese 49,530 (1.13%) 28,580 (1.29%) 24,592 (0.68%) 55,659 (1.57%) 158,361 (1.15%) Bataks 26,486 (0.60%) 12,324 (0.56%) 12,408 (0.34%) 37,145 (1.05%) 88,363 (0.64%) Others 80,996 (1.85%) 42,378 (1.92%) 114,971 (3.18%) 485,056 (13.72%) 723,401 (5.26%) Total 4,385,356 (100%) 2,207,367 (100%) 3,613,992 (100%) 3,536,503 (100%) 13,743,218 (100%)

Religion

Number of the largest population of religious groups according to the 2010 census: Religion West Kalimantan Central Kalimantan South Kalimantan North Kalimantan East Kalimantan Total Islam 2,603,318 (59.22%) 1,643,715 (74.31%) 3,505,846 (96.67%) 378,478 (72.14%) 2,655,227 (87.68%) 10,786,584 (78.23%) Protestantism 500,254 (11.38%) 353,353 (15.97%) 47,974 (1.32%) 109,358 (20.84%) 228,022 (7.53%) 1,238,961 (8.99%) Roman Catholic 1,008,368 (22.94%) 58,279 (2.63%) 16,045 (0.44%) 29,366 (5.60%)109,263 (3.61%) 1,221,321 (8.86%) Hinduism 2,708 (0.06%) 11,149 (0.50%) 16,064 (0.44%) 288 (0.05%) 7,369 (0.24%)37,578 (0.27%) Buddhism 237,741 (5.41%) 2,301 (0.10%) 11,675 (0.32%)3,879 (0.74%) 12,477 (0.41%)268,073 (1.94%) Confucianism 29,737 (0.68%) 414 (0.02%) 236 (0.01%) 175 (0.03%) 905 (0.03%) 31,467 (0.23%) Other religions 2,907 (0.07%) 138,419 (6.26%) 16,465 (0.45%) 25 (0.00%) 824 (0.03%) 158,640 (1.35%) Not Stated 671 (0.01%) 220 (0.01%) 3 (0.00%) 454 (0.09%) 1,497 (0.05%) 2,845 (0.02%) Not Asked 10,279 (0.23%) 4,239 (0.19%) 12,308 (0.34%) 2,633 (0.50%) 12,903 (0.43%) 42,362 (0.31%) Total 4,395,983 (100%) 2,212,089 (100%) 3,626,616 (100%) 524,656 (100%) 3,028,487 (100%) 13,787,831 (100%)

Number of the largest population of religious groups in 2023: Religions Total Islam 13,566,483 Protestant 1,608,857 Roman Catholic 1,573,067 Buddhism 335,722 Hinduism 187,035 Confucianism 17,376 Aliran Kepercayaan 11,151 Overall 17,299,691

Kalimantan

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