Jean du Bellay (1492J. & L. Michaud (edd.), "Bellay (Jean du)," Biographie universelle Tome IV (Paris 1811), p. 94. – 16 February 1560) was a French diplomat and cardinal, a younger brother of Guillaume du Bellay, and cousin and patron of the poet Joachim du Bellay. He was bishop of Bayonne by 1526, a member of the Conseil privé (privy council) of King Francis I from 1530, and bishop of Paris from 1532. He became Bishop of Ostia and Dean of the College of Cardinals in 1555.
Biography Du Bellay was born at Souday,Léon Séché, "Le Cardinal du Bellay," Revue de la renaissance 1 (1901), 217–238, pp. 217–219. second of the six sons of Louis, son of Jean du Bellay, Seigneur de Langey, and Marguerite, daughter of Raoullet, Baron of La Tour-Landry. Four of their sons survived infancy, including Guillaume, Martin, and René. They had two daughters, Renée, who married Ambroise Baron des Cousteaux, and Louise, who married Jacques d'Aunay, Sieur de . The fief of Bellay was located near Saumur in Anjou.Bourilly, Guillaume du Bellay, p. 4.
He is said to have gotten his education in Paris.Denis de Saint-Marthe, Gallia christiana I (Paris 1716), p. 1320. "Johannes vero noster a puero in Parisiensis academiae sinu institutus..." It is also speculated, however, that he studied at the University of Angers.Bourilly, Guillaume du Bellay, p. 6. He had a licenciate in utroque iure (Civil Law and Canon Law). He was a priest of the diocese of Le Mans. He was appointed Bishop of Bayonne by King Francis I, an appointment was approved by Pope Clement VII on 12 February 1524.Gulik and Eubel, p. 128. Denis de Saint-Marthe, Gallia christiana I (Paris 1716), p. 1320. He held the position until his transfer to the See of Paris in 1532. On 2 March 1533, Pope Clement granted Bishop du Bellay the privilege of holding multiple benefices both in the diocese of Paris and in other dioceses as well. King Francis confirmed this indult on 1 October 1534.Gallia christiana VIII (Paris 1744), p. 160. Jean du Bellay was succeeded as Bishop of Paris by his nephew Eustache, on 16 March 1551, after Cardinal Jean was dismissed by King Henry II.Gulik and Eubel, p. 270.
Diplomat in England He was well-fitted for a diplomatic career, and carried out several missions in England (1527–1534). He was Ambassador Ordinary from November 1527 to February 1529, when his elder brother Guillaume replaced him. When his brother departed, he was again Ambassador, from 15 May 1529 to January 1530. He returned on a mission in August–September 1530, and again, as Ambassador Extraordinary, in October 1531. After returning to Court, he was immediately dispatched again to England on 6 November 1531.Bourilly, Guillaume du Bellay, pp. 77–84. He was in England again as Ambassador Extraordinary in August and September 1532. A meeting between the English and French monarchs took place at Boulogne on 20 October 1532,Cardinal de Tournon was present, according to the Venetian Ambassador Giovanni Antonio Venier, along with the Cardinals Du Prat (the French Chancellor), de Bourbon, de Lorraine and de Gramont. Rawdon Brown, Calendar IV, p. 362. Bourilly, Guillaume du Bellay, pp. 136–139. at which Bishop du Bellay was present,Hamy, p. 64. and immediately thereafter Cardinals Tournon and de Gramont were sent to Rome to negotiate with Pope Clement VII. Du Bellay returned to England from November 1533 to January 1534.Catalogue des actes de Francois Ier, IX. Paris: Imprimerie nationale. 1907. pp. 17, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. In this last embassy, it was his duty to explain the agreements made between Francis I and Pope Clement VII during their negotiations in Marseille in October and November 1533.
Rome He was then sent as Ambassador Extraordinary to the Papal Court in Rome (January–May 1534).Catalogue des actes de Francois Ier, IX, p. 63. His mission in both English and Roman embassies was to prevent the implementation of Pope Clement's decree of excommunication against Henry VIII, who was a valuable ally of France against the Emperor Charles.Bourilly (1907), pp. 1-2. The Pope's decree was at first only monitory; it gave King Henry VIII six months to repent his misdeeds. The Pope needed to be convinced that he had repented, or was repenting, or would repent. One of the members of du Bellay's suite in his embassy to Rome was François Rabelais, who was making the first of his four journeys to Rome.Picot, I, pp. 95–97. On their arrival in Rome, they were accommodated in the residence of the Bishop of Faenza Rodolfo Pio di Carpi, the future Cardinal, who had recently returned from a papal embassy to the French Court. Despite the Bishop's best efforts, the Imperial agents, who were well entrenched and vigorous in their advocacy, influenced the papal Consistory to vote to approve the sentence against Henry VIII on 23 March 1534.Bourilly (1907), p. 2-3. Henry's plea to await further action until he could send a Procurator to the Papal Court—only a delaying action—was allowed. And so the execution of the bull of excommunication was temporarily suspended.
In September 1534 Bishop du Bellay's secretary, Claude de Chappuys accompanied the French cardinals who were going to Rome for the Conclave that followed the death of Pope Clement VII. There, the Cardinals and Chappuys used their influence to promote the candidacy of the Bishop of Paris for a cardinal's hat. They were assured that the new pope, Pope Paul III, was favourable to their importuning.Best, p. 136.
Cardinal
On 21 May 1535, at his second Consistory for the promotion of cardinals, Pope Paul III created seven new cardinals, among them Jean du Bellay. He was named Cardinal Priest of the titulus of Santa Cecilia in Trastevere on 31 May. His cardinal's hat was sent to him in France on 3 April. Beginning on 27 June he made the journey to Rome, stopping in Ferrara for negotiations with the Duke about the war over Milan, and then moving on to Rome, where he appeared personally for his induction ceremonies at the Consistory of 6 August.Gulik and Eubel, p. 24 and n. 1. Best, pp. 136–137. He had additional reasons, however, for going to Rome. He was sent by King Francis to seek papal assistance against the aggression of the Emperor Charles V in the struggle for the Duchy of Milan.Catalogue des actes de Francois Ier, IX, pp. 54 and 63–64. He was again accompanied by François Rabelais.Picot, I, p. 96.
On 21 July 1536 du Bellay was nominated "Lieutenant-General" to the king at Paris and in the Île de France,Catalogue des actes de Francois Ier, III. Paris: Imprimerie nationale. 1889. p. 229, no. 8577. and was entrusted with the organisation of the defence against the Imperialists under the leadership of the Count of Nassau, who, under the direction of the Emperor Charles V, were invading eastern France while Charles was attacking Provence.Best, p. 137. When his brother Guillaume du Bellay went to Piedmont, Jean was put in charge of the negotiations with the German Protestants, principally through the humanist Johannes Sturm and the historian Johann Sleidan.
In the last years of the reign of Francis I, cardinal du Bellay was in favour with the duchesse d'Étampes, and received a number of benefices: he was Administrator of the bishopric of Limoges on the nomination of the King and with the approval of Pope Paul III on 22 August 1541; he held the diocese until the appointment of Antoine Seguin on 13 August 1544.Gulik and Eubel, p. 222. He was named Administrator of the archbishopric of Bordeaux, and approved by the Pope on 17 December 1544; he held the post until 3 July 1551.Gulik and Eubel, p. 142. He became Bishop of Le Mans on 1 November 1546 upon the resignation of his brother René; he himself resigned in July 1556.Gulik and Eubel, p. 162.
Eclipse under Henry II
King Francis I died on 31 March 1547. His funeral ceremonies were conducted at S. Denis on 23 May, and were presided over by Cardinal du Bellay.Fisquet, p. 360. With the death of King Francis, however, the Cardinal's influence in the council was overshadowed by that of François de Tournon. His niece and patroness, the duchesse d'Étampes was replaced by King Henri's mistress, Diane de Poitiers. The old court favourites had to give way to new favourites. When Henry II announced his new Royal Council (Conseil Privé), du Bellay's name was not among the thirteen councillors admitted to the morning meeting, but only (along with other cardinals, Bourbon, Ferrara and Châtillon) to the meetings which took place after dinner. The only cardinals in the first rank were Tournon and Charles, Duke of Guise Duke of Lorraine, the Archbishop of Rheims.Ribier, II, p. 1. Du Bellay, along with most of councillors of Francis I, found themselves excluded from major decisions. Du Bellay was sent away to Rome (1547), to oversee French affairs before the Holy See. He was not the French Ambassador; that role belonged to Claude d'Urfé (1501–1558). In a letter of 29 April 1549 Secretary of State,Jean du Thiers complained to the King that du Bellay's letters from Rome were voluminous, but contained not one word of substance.Ribier, II, p. 162: "[Le cardinal]... nous a écrit des volumes si grands, qu'ils serioent suffisans pour contenir toute la :fr:Chronique de l'Empereur, et toutesfois il n'y a en substance qu'un mot..." His position as a French representative was cancelled when the Cardinal of Ferrara, Ippolito d'Este arrived in Rome. Du Bellay complained bitterly to the King in a letter of 23 August 1549.Ribier, II, p. 243. He returned to France.
Following the death of Pope Paul III in November 1549, Cardinal du Bellay left for Rome once again. He and the other French cardinals were sent by Henry II, who also sent letters to Rome, threatening trouble if the cardinals in Rome did not wait for the French cardinals before they began the Conclave.Ribier, II, p. 256. Du Bellay obtained eight votesVoting was by preference ballot. A cardinal could place as many names as he wished on his ballot. Hence, the number of votes was sometimes several times the number of votes. But the canonical rule was that a candidate must receive the votes of two-thirds of the votes to be elected. as the new pope. This is remarkable, since there were more than twenty Cardinals in the French faction. Evidently he did not have the favour of the French King. The leading candidates were Reginald Pole, Giovanni Morone, and Gian Pietro Carafa; Cardinal du Bellay was not papabile. On 25 February 1550 he was promoted suburbicarian Bishop of Albano by the new pope, Julius III, replacing Cardinal Ennio Filonardi, who died during the Conclave.Gulik and Eubel, p. 56.
When Cardinal du Bellay returned to France after the Conclave, he took up residence in his Italian-style villa at Saint-Maur, some seven miles southeast of Paris, where he enjoyed the company of Rabelais, Macrin, Michel l'Hôpital, and his young cousin Joachim du Bellay.Dickinson, p. 2. King Henry II struck again in 1551, dismissing him from the See of Paris.Fisquet, pp. 360, 364. Catherine de' Medici was a frequent visitor, and in 1563 she purchased the from his heirs.
After three quiet years passed in retirement in France (1550–1553), the Cardinal was charged with a new mission to Pope Julius III. In Rome he discovered that the Imperialists were in control everywhere, and he was shocked when, on 11 December 1553, Cardinal Carafa was given the See of Ostia and the office of Dean of the College of Cardinals, which Du Bellay believed ought to have been his. He complained in a letter of 22 December 1553 to the Constable de Montmorency.Ribier, II, pp. 481–482.