Jalandhar district is a district in Doaba region of the state of Punjab, India. The district headquarters is the city of Jalandhar. The district is part of the Jalandhar division.
Before the Partition of India, Jalandhar was also the headquarters of the Jalandhar Division, with constituent districts Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Ludhiana, Ferozepur and Kangra. The entire Jalandhar Division was awarded to India when Punjab was partitioned.
History Classical Parmar Rajputs established ancient city of Jalandhar in the 7th century, which is presently known as Jalandhar district. The City consistently had to deter invasion, which were endeavours of invaders.
Jalandhar was the site of the Katoch Rajput kingdom of Jalandhara, also known as Trigartta. The date of its founding is unclear, but its presence is observed by the Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang in the seventh century, and Kalhana records the defeat of Prithvi Chandra Raja of Trigartta by Sankara Varmma of Kashmir towards the end of the ninth century.Government of Punjab, Punjab District Gazetteers, Volume XIV A. Jullundur District, with maps, 1904, Lahore, Civil and Military Gazette Press, 1908
Medieval Jalandhar became part of the Persianate Ghaznavid Empire during the reign of Ibrahim Shah sometime between 1058 and 1098, and by 1240, it was a fief of the Delhi Sultanate. In 1298, an army led by Ulugh Khan and Zafar Khan defeated in battle, and forced the retreat of invading Mongols of the Chagatai Khanate.
The sack and plunder of Delhi by Timur in 1398 gravely weakened the Delhi Sultanate and ushered in a period of lawlessness in the country. In 1416, the governor of Jalandhar, Malik Tughan assassinated the governor of Sirhind, and later rebelled against Khizr Khan, before being defeated. In the following years Jasrath Khokhar led a series of raids across Jalandhar as he challenged the authority of the Sultan. In 1441, Jalandhar came under the authority of Bahlol Lodi who was appointed governor of Lahore province. Lodi made peace with Jasrath, rebelled and in 1450 became sovereign of Delhi.
Early modern Mughal When Babur invaded northern India in 1524 he granted the jagir of Jalandhar to Daulat Khan Lodi at whose instigation he had come. The following year Lodi revolted and was defeated by Babur. In 1540, Babur's son Humayun was expelled by Sher Shah Suri and Jalandhar became part of the Sur Empire. On Humayun's return in 1555, Jalandhar was occupied by his general Bairam Khan and later Akbar. While Akbar had moved east to fight Hemu, Sikandar Suri defeated Khizr Khan, governor of Lahore, at Chamiari in the north of the district. On Akbar's return to Jalandhar, Mughal hegemony was re-established.
With the regaining of Humayun, Muslim tribes such as Baloch, Syed and Arain who were settled in Sindh and Balochistan migrated to the Jalandhar Doaba region.
During Akbar's reign, the city of Jalandhar became one of his mint cities. In 1594, the town of Kartarpur was founded by Guru Arjan on land granted by Akbar.Harish Dhillon, Janamsakhis, Ageless Stories, Timeless Values, Hay House, 2015 The reigns of Jahangir and Shah Jahan saw significant improvements to the region's infrastructure, and many villages were founded. The town of Phillaur dates from this period, when it was selected for one of the serais on the Delhi to Lahore road, while the town of Nurmahal was re-established by Jahangir's consort Nur Jahan, who is believed to have been raised there. Mughal administrative authority in Jalandhar lasted into the reign of Muhammad Shah, evidenced by the significant number of land grants in the district issued by the Emperor.
Durrani Nader Shah's invasion of India, culminating in the sack of Delhi in 1739, effectively ended Mughal imperial power. During his fourth invasion, Nurmahal was plundered and its inhabitants slaughtered. In 1756, Adina Beg, Arain settled in Jalandhar, assisted militarily by Jassa Singh Ramgarhia, defeated Sarbuland Khan, the Afghan general and captured Jalandhar. In 1758, the Mahrattas, at the instigation of Adina Beg, invaded the Punjab, defeating the Afghans, and installing Adina Beg as governor of the entire province. Adina Beg died in 1759, and in 1761 the Afghans returned, taking control of the Punjab, and driving out the Mahrattas.
Sikh The death of Adina Beg coincided with the start of increasing Sikh influence in Jalandhar, with many sardars dating the acquisition of their estates from 1759. The Dallewalia Misl, one of twelve Sikh Misls that came to dominate the Punjab during this period originated in the southern extremities of the district. In 1766 the Faizullapuria Misl of Khushal Singh captured the town of Jalandhar and thereafter entrenched their power in the district.Sir William Wilson Hunter, The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Trübner & Company, 1885, p.85
In 1811, Ranjit Singh despatched Dewan Mokham Chand to annexe Faizullapuria dominions in Jalandhar. By August that year, Budh Singh, son of Khushal Singh, had fled and Jalandhar came under the control of Lahore and part of the Sikh Empire. The petty sardars of the district were gradually ousted from their estates, and were replaced by the direct management of the Sikh governors.
Modern British During both the First Anglo-Sikh War and Second Anglo-Sikh War no significant battle took place in Jalandhar. Following the British victory in 1846, Jalandhar was ceded to the East India Company becoming part of the Trans Sutlej States.
When the Indian Rebellion of 1857 began, Jalandhar was strategically important as a main line of communication between the Punjab and Delhi. Incidents of mutiny originated in Jalandhar and Phillaur cantonments, however they were suppressed by the 8th Foot who in turn were strengthened by troops provided by Randhir Singh of Kapurthala, John Nicholson's moveable column and the Tiwana horse under Sher Muhammad Khan.Cannon, Cannon & Cunningham (1883), pp. 103
In 1858, Jalandhar became part of the British Raj and in 1863 became administratively part of Punjab province.
The first case of the plague in the Punjab was reported in the village of Khatkar Kalan in 1897.James, C. H., Report on the outbreak of plague in the Jullundur and Hoshiarpur districts of the Punjab, 1897-98, 1898
Partition In early 1947, communal tensions heightened in Jalandhar and across the Punjab.J. S. Grewal, The Sikhs of the Punjab, Volumes 2-3, Cambridge University Press, 1998 In March riots occurred in the district following speeches made by Congress and Sikh leaders at Lahore. In June 1947, the Indian Independence Act 1947 stipulated the partition of the Punjab, and on 17 August the Radcliffe Line was announced, placing Jalandhar in the new Dominion of India. As Jalandhar had a Muslim plurality at the time (45.23 per cent per the 1941 census) it led to significant demographic change in the district, with the Muslim population becoming refugees in Pakistan, and an influx of Hindus and Sikhs arriving having abandoned their homes in the new Pakistan.
Administration The district is divided into five tehsils:
Jalandhar-I, Jalandhar-II, Nakodar, Phillaur, and Shahkot
In addition there are a further five sub-tehsils:
Adampur, Bhogpur, Goraya, Kartarpur, and Nurmahal
Subdistricts of Jalandhar district According to the Indian government's integrated online directory, Gurdaspur district is divided into the following subdistricts (tehsils/subdivisions) and blocks:
Subdistricts Adampur Jalandhar - I Jalandhar - II Nakodar Phillaur Shahkot Blocks: Adampur Bhogpur Jalandhar - West Jalandhar-East Lohian Mehatpur Nakodar Nurmahal Phillaur Rurka Kalan Shahkot
Constituencies Jalandhar Lok Sabha constituency is one of the 13 Lok Sabha constituencies in Punjab.
There are also nine Punjab Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in the district:
Adampur, Jalandhar Cantt, Jalandhar Central, Jalandhar North, Jalandhar West, Kartarpur, Nakodar, Phillaur, and Shahkot
MLA No. Constituency Name of MLA PartyBench30Phillaur (SC) Vikramjit Singh ChaudharyOpposition31Nakodar Inderjit Kaur MannGovernment32ShahkotHardev Singh LaddiOpposition33 Kartarpur (SC) Balkar SinghGovernment34Jalandhar West (SC) Mohinder BhagatGovernment35Jalandhar Central Raman AroraGovernment36Jalandhar North Avtar Singh JuniorOpposition37Jalandhar Cantonment Pargat SinghOpposition38Adampur (SC)Sukhwinder Singh KotliOpposition
Villages
Abadan, Jalandhar Achan Chak Adagil Addhi Khuyi Ade Kali Adhi, Jalandhar Adraman Aemakazi Aidalpur Ajtani Akalpur Akbarpur Kalan Akbarpur Khurd Akhara, Bhogpur Akuwal Aladinpur Alamgir, Bhogpur Alampur, Jalandhar Alewali Ali Chak Ali Khel, Jalandhar Alipur-1 Alipur-2 Aliwal, Jalandhar Allowal Ambgarh Ambia Tohva Angi Kiri Anihar Apra, Punjab Arjanwal Ashahoor Ashaur Athola Atta, Jalandhar Atti, Jalandhar Aujla Aujla Dhak Aulakh, Nakodar Awan Chaharmi Awan Khalsa Baloki Behram Sarishta Chachowal Chananpur Chandpur Chuhan Chukhiara Damudarpur Dhandaur Dhandauri Dhandwar Dhepur Diwali Ghurial Goalpind Hardo Pharala Hazara Isharwal Jago Sangha Jalbhe Kandola Kandola Khurd Kapur Pind Kathar Khojpur Kot Kalan Kotli Jamiat Singh Kotli Sheikhan Lesariwala Mander Mianwal Araian Nagra Nawan Qila Partappura Sagarpur Salaich Sanoura Sarnana Satowali Sattowali Sitalpur Sundar Tatar
Demographics
According to the 2011 census Jalandhar district has a population of 21,93,590 roughly equal to the nation of Latvia or the US state of New Mexico. This gives it a ranking of 208th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 11.16%. Jalandhar has a sex ratio of 913 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 91.4%. Scheduled Castes made up 38.95% of the population.
Gender The table below shows the sex ratio of Jalandhar district through decades.
+Sex ratio of Jalandhar districtCensus yearRatio201191520018871991897198189019718831961867195185719418591931841192180719117831901848
The table below shows the child sex ratio of children below the age of 6 years in the rural and urban areas of Jalandhar district.
+Child sex ratio of children below the age of 6 years in Jalandhar districtYearUrbanRural20118658852001793817
Religion
Hinduism is the majority religion. In rural areas, Hindus and Sikhs are in roughly equal proportions, but in urban areas, Hindus are predominant.
+ Religion in Jalandhar DistrictReligiousgroup2011 Hinduism 1,394,329 Sikhism 718,363 Islam 30,233 Christianity 26,016 Others 24,649 Total Population2,193,590
The table below shows the population of different religions in absolute numbers in the urban and rural areas of Jalandhar district.
+Absolute numbers of different religious groups in Jalandhar districtReligionUrban (2011)Rural (2011)Urban (2001)Rural (2001)Urban (1991)Rural (1991)Hindu8,63,9365,30,3936,72,8894,85,9794,60,1025,09,318Sikh2,52,2744,66,0892,30,7095,10,1321,42,7006,00,666Muslim14,36312,408 9,8359,0924,4524,048Christian17,82511,6538,216 12,2711,3817,231Other religions14,36311,876 9,83513,2434,452720
+Religion in tehsils of Jalandhar district (2011)TehsilHinduism (%)Sikhism (%)Islam (%)Christianity (%)Others (%)Shahkot31.8466.510.520.840.29Nakodar52.7144.071.271.100.85Phillaur61.8634.171.390.432.15Jalandhar - I72.6623.341.501.361.14Jalandhar - II55.9140.481.431.740.44
+ Religious groups in Jalandhar District (British Punjab province era)Religiousgroup1881189119011911192119311941 Islam 358,601 413,469 421,011 357,051 366,586 419,556 509,804 Hinduism 338,292 380,916 368,051 265,378 244,995 268,822 311,010 Sikhism 90,320 110,790 125,817 176,227 206,130 249,571 298,741 Christianity 1,631 1,645 1,713 2,404 4,088 4,323 6,233 Jainism 690 760 969 842 736 1,379 1,395 Zoroastrianism 2 3 24 18 9 70 7 Buddhism 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Judaism 0 2 0 0 0 0 Others 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total population 789,555 907,583 917,587 801,920 822,544 943,721 1,127,190