The Khodynka Tragedy () was a crowd crush that occurred on , on Khodynka Field in Moscow, Russia. The crush happened during the festivities after the coronation of the last Emperor of Russia, Nicholas II. While 1,282 corpses were collected from the scene, Translated from French: injury estimates range widely from 1,200 to 20,000.
Background Nicholas II and his wife Alexandra were crowned Emperor and Empress of Russia on . Four days later, a banquet was going to be held for the people at Khodynka Field. Within the area, a town square, theatres, 150 buffets for the distribution of gifts, and 20 pubs were built for the celebrations. Near the celebration square was a field that had a ravine and many gullies. On the evening of 29 May, people who had heard rumours of coronation gifts began to gather in anticipation. The gifts which everyone was to receive were a bread roll, a sausage, pretzels, gingerbread and a commemorative cup.
Crush At about 6 a.m. several thousand people (estimates reached 500,000) were already gathered on the field. Rumours spread that there was not enough beer or pretzels for everybody, and that the enamel cups contained gold coins. A police force of 1,800 men failed to maintain civil order, and a catastrophic crowd crush occurred.
Death toll
A total of 1,282 corpses were collected from the scene, and the injured numbered between 9,000 and 20,000, according to different estimates. Another commonly cited figure reports "more than 2,600 casualties, including 1,389 deaths".
Most of the victims were trapped in a ditch and were trampled or suffocated there. Despite the tragedy, the program of festivities continued as planned elsewhere on the large field, with many people unaware of what had happened. The Emperor and Empress made an appearance in front of the crowds on the balcony of the Tsar's Pavilion in the middle of the field around 2 p.m. By that time, the traces of the incident had been cleaned up.
Tsar's response
A festive ball had been scheduled that night at the French embassy. When Nicholas heard of the stampede, "he did not display the slightest emotion and that night attended a ball given in his honor". Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich warned the tsar not to go to the French ball, but Nicholas II attended nonetheless. Li Hongzhang, China's Imperial Commissioner on a European tour, was the most notable witness. Li was amused and said a Chinese emperor would not have attended the ball.
The next morning, Nicholas and Empress Alexandra attended a funeral service for the dead, and then spent the rest of the day visiting the injured in several hospitals. Nicholas donated 1,000 rubles to each family of the dead or injured, and established special orphanages for the children of the victims. The state paid for the funerals.
The government distributed a large amount of aid to the families of the dead, and a number of minor officials were dismissed. The negligence and the tone-deaf response of the imperial authorities, however, caused further public indignation. Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich wrote in his memoirs that "The radiant smile on the face of Grand Duke Sergei prompted foreigners to remark that the Romanovs lacked judgment." Cited in Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, then Governor-General of Moscow, became known as "the Prince of Khodynka" and the Emperor received the nickname of "Nicholas the Bloody".
Nicholas II wrote in his diary:
Legacy
Leo Tolstoy was so moved by the tragedy that he wrote the unfinished short story "Khodynka: An Incident of the Coronation of Nicholas II".
References
Further reading
External links Memories of Alexei Volkov on the Khodynka Tragedy—view from inside the palace