Deira ( ;A Complete Pronouncing Gazetteer, Or, Geographical Dictionary of the World, 1880 Old Welsh/ or ; or ) was an area of Post-Roman Britain, and a later Anglian kingdom.
Etymology The name of the kingdom is of Brythonic origin, and is derived from the Proto-Celtic , meaning 'oak' ( in modern Welsh), in which case it would mean 'the people of the Derwent', a derivation also found in the Latin name for Malton, .Higham, p. 81 It is cognate with the modern Irish word (); the names of the Irish cities of Derry and Kildare stem from this word.Library Ireland – Sketches of Olden Days in Northern Ireland
The Old English Dere is plural, meaning 'Deirans'. The kingdom is recorded as Dera rice; 'Realm of the Deirans'.
History Brythonic Deira Following the Roman withdrawal from Britain a number of successor kingdoms rose in northern England, reflecting pre-Roman tribal territories. The area between the Humber and River Tees known as or corresponds to the tribal lands of the Parisi, bordered to the west and north by the Brythonic kingdoms of Elmet () and Bernicia () respectively, and to the east by the North Sea.
Early Deira may have centred on Petuaria (modern Brough) and archaeological evidence shows that the town was refortified. Petuaria was a great tribal centre for the Parisi, but declined in importance from the mid-fourth century (possibly as the harbour silted up). After this period, Derventio (modern Malton) may have functioned as the region's capital.
It is not known if Deira was ever an independent Brythonic kingdom, and no British king has been identified with the area from the surviving genealogies, poems or chronicles. However the area was subject to the same fractious inheritance traditions and changing power dynamic (following the Roman withdrawal) that allowed Elmet and Bernicia to become independent hereditary kingdoms in the early fifth century. In Welsh literature, Deira is part of the (The Old North) region, which was divided into many related kingdoms after the death of (Coel the Old).Morris, p. 54.Koch 2006, pp. 584–585.
Anglian Deira The kingdom, which was previously ruled by a British dynasty, was probably created in the third quarter of the fifth century when Anglian warriors invaded the Derwent Valley.Higham, p. 98 Anglian Deira's territory also extended from the Humber to the Tees, and from the sea to the western edge of the Vale of York. It later merged with the kingdom of Bernicia, its northern neighbour, to form the kingdom of Northumbria.
According to Simeon of Durham (writing early in the 12th century), Deira extended from the Humber to the Tyne, but the land was waste north of the Tees. The Brythonic kingdom centred on ("boar-place"), which may have also been called Ebrauc. After the city was taken by King Edwin of the Angles, it became , the capital of the new Anglian kingdom.
Archaeology suggests that the Anglian royal house was in place by the middle of the fifth century, but the first certainly recorded king is Ælla in the late sixth century.Higham, pp. 77-78 After his death, Æthelfrith, king of Bernicia, took control of Deira in 604 and united the two kingdoms into Northumbria. Æthelfrith ruled until the accession of Ælla's son Edwin, in 616 or 617, who also ruled both kingdoms until 633.
Osric, the nephew of Edwin, ruled Deira after Edwin, but his son Oswine was put to death by Oswiu in 651. For a few years subsequently, Deira was governed by Æthelwald son of Oswald of Bernicia.D. P. Kirby, The Earliest English Kings (1991, 2000), page 78.
Bede wrote of Deira in his Historia Ecclesiastica (completed in 731).
Anglian kings of Deira
ReignIncumbentNotes559/560 to 589ÆllaÆLLA YFFING ÆLLA REX 589/599 to 604ÆthelricÆÞELRIC IDING ÆÞELRIC REX Bernicia Dynasty593/604? to 616ÆthelfrithÆÞELFERÞ ÆÞELRICING ÆÞELFERÞ REX Killed in battleDeira Dynasty616 to 12/14 October 632EdwinEDVVIN ÆLLING EDVVIN REX Killed in battle by Cadwallon of Gwynedd and Penda of Mercialate 633 to summer 634OsricOSRIC ÆLFRICING OSRIC REX Bernicia Dynasty633 to 5 August 642OswaldOSVVALD OSVVALD REX Killed by Penda, King of Mercia; Saint Oswald642 to 644OswiuOSVVIO ÆÞELFRIÞING OSVVIO REX Deira Dynasty644 to 651OswineOSVVINE OSRICING OSVVINE REX MurderedBernicia Dynastysummer 651 to late 654 or 655ÆthelwoldÆÞELVVALD OSVVALDING ÆÞELVVALD REX 654 to 15 August 670Oswiu OSVVIO ÆÞELFERÞING OSVVIO REX Restored656 to 664AlchfrithALCHFRIÞ ALCHFRIÞ REX 664 to 670EcgfrithECGFRIÞ ECGFRIÞ REX 670 to 679ÆlfwineÆLFVVINE ÆLFVVINE REX
Notes
References
Higham, N.J. (1993). The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350–1100. Stroud: Sutton.
Sources
Further reading Geake, Helen & Kenny, Jonathan (eds.) (2000). Early Deira: Archaeological studies of the East Riding in the fourth to ninth centuries AD. Oxford: Oxbow.