Haplogroup L1

Haplogroup L1 is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is most common in Central Africa and West Africa. It diverged from L1-6 at about 140,000 years ago ( 95% CI). Its emergence is associated with the early peopling of Africa by anatomically modern humans during the Eemian, and it is now mostly found in Central African foragers.

Ancient DNA

Among the less than 1% of subgroups of macro-haplogroup L found among the population in Europe, haplogroup L1b is present; haplogroup L1b in Europe, which is often found in West Africa, has been dated to 10,000 BP.

Distribution

Haplogroup L1 is found most commonly in Central Africa and West Africa. It reaches its highest frequency among the Mbenga people. It is likely that it was formerly more widespread, and was constrained to its current area as a result of the Bantu migration (which is largely associated with haplogroup L2). Haplogroup L1 has been observed in specimens from the island cemetery in Kulubnarti, Sudan, which date from the Early Christian period (AD 550–800). An ancient Beaker culture individual at the Camino de las Yeseras in Spain (San Fernando de Henares, Madrid; [I4245 / RISE695] F) has also been found to carry the L1b1a mitochondrial haplogroup.Iñigo Olalde et al. The Beaker Phenomenon And The Genomic Transformation Of Northwest Europe, 2017

Subclades

L1c

L1c emerged at about 85 kya. It reaches its highest frequencies in Central Africa, notably among the Mbenga people. (See map.) Among the Mbenga, it is carried by 100% of Ba-Kola, 97% of Ba-Benzélé, and 77% of Biaka.Sarah A. Tishkoff et al. 2007, History of Click-Speaking Populations of Africa Inferred from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Genetic Variation. Molecular Biology and Evolution 2007 24(10):2180-2195 Other populations in which L1c is particularly prevalent include the Bedzan (Tikar) people (100%), Baka people from Gabon (97%) and Cameroon (90%),Lluis Quintana-Murci et al. MtDNA diversity in Central Africa: from hunter-gathering to agriculturalism. CNRS-Institut Pasteur, Paris the Bakoya (97%), and the Ba-Bongo (82%). Common also in São Tomé (20%) and Angola (16–24%).Batini, Chiara et al 2006, Phylogeography of the human mitochondrial L1c haplogroup: Genetic signatures of the prehistory of Central Africa

L1b

L1b is much more recent, dated at about 10 kya. It is frequent in West Africa. It has also been found in Mozambique (1%), Ethiopia (2%), Egypt (1%), the Nile Valley (4%), Kung (1%), Cape Verde (8%), Senegal (17–20%), Niger/Nigeria (15%), Guinea Bissau (11%), Morocco (4–5%), and Algeria (1–2%).

Phylogenetics

L1 has two branches, L1c and L1b (the formerly named haplogroups L1d, L1k, L1a, L1f have been re-classified into haplogroup L0, as L0d, L0k, L0a, L0f; L1e as L5).

Phylogeny of L1c:

L1c L1c1'2'4'6 L1c1 L1c1a L1c1a1 L1c1a1a L1c1a1a1 L1c1a1a1a L1c1a1a1b L1c1a1a1b1 L1c1a1a2 L1c1a1b L1c1a2 L1c1a2a L1c1a2a1 L1c1a2a2 L1c1a2b L1c1a2c L1c1b'c'd L1c1b L1c1c'd L1c1c L1c1d L1c2'4 L1c2 L1c2a L1c2a1 L1c2a1a L1c2a1b L1c2a2 L1c2b L1c2b1 L1c2b2 L1c4 L1c4a L1c4b L1c6 L1c3 L1c3a L1c3a1 L1c3a1a L1c3b'c L1c3b L1c3b1 L1c3b1a L1c3b1b L1c3b2 L1c3c

Phylogeny of L1b:

L1b L1b1 L1b1a L1b1a1'4 L1b1a1 L1b1a4 L1b1a2 L1b1a2a 189 L1b1a3 L1b1a3a L1b1a3a1 L1b1a5 L1b1a6 L1b1a7

Haplogroup L1

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