Haplogroup F is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. The clade is most common in East Asia and Southeast Asia. It has not been found among Native Americans.Haplogroup F.

It is a primary branch of haplogroup R9.

Distribution The F haplogroup is fairly common in East Asia. High frequencies of the clade are found among the Lahu from Yunnan (33% - 77%, average 52%), Nicobar Islands (50%), Shors from Kemerovo Oblast of Siberia (41%), and Arunachal Pradesh, India (31%). There is also an important frequency in Taiwanese aborigines, Khakas, Kets, Han Chinese (and, thus, nearly all of China), Lombok, Sumba, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its distribution extends with low frequency to the Tharu of southern Nepal and the Bashkirs of the southern Urals.M. A. Bermisheva, K. Tambets, R. Villems, and E. K. Khusnutdinova, "Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups in Ethnic Populations of the Volga–Ural Region", Molecular Biology Vol. 36, No. 6, 2002, pp. 802–812. Translated from Molekulyarnaya Biologiya, Vol. 36, No. 6, 2002, pp. 990–1001.

Haplogroup F also occurs at low frequencies on the Comoros Islands (<10%). It is also found at low frequencies on the Hvar island in Croatia (8.3%).

Subclades

F1a clearly predominates among the representatives of haplogroup F in Southeast Asia, but subclades of this haplogroup have been found in populations as far north as the Buryats and Ulchi of Siberia.

F1b tends to become more frequent as a fraction of total F in populations of the northern parts of East Asia and Central Asia, such as Mongols, Kazakhs, Uyghurs, and Japanese. It also has been found among the Yi people. There are odd exclaves of F1b in Gaininsk Bashkirs of Perm Oblast and Croats of Hvar Island.

F1d is the second most frequent sub-clade in Newar (Nepal). Haplogroup F1d reaches the greatest proportion in Newar (11.97%) of Nepal and Kshatriya (16%) of North India.

F2 has been found mainly in the form of F2a, which has been observed in more than 10% of a couple samples of Nu and Lisu from Gongshan, Yunnan. F2 has been found with frequencies exceeding 5% in several other populations of Southwest China, Guangxi, and Hainan, including the Han majority population. Outside of southwestern China, F2 has been found with frequency greater than 5% in a sample of Oirat Mongols from Xinjiang and a sample of Khakas from Khakassia, with the former population boasting particularly high diversity within this clade.

F3 is especially common among Austronesian peoples of Taiwan and the Malay Archipelago, but it also has been found in many populations of Southwest China and South-Central China, and in a sample of Hans from Xinjiang.

F4 has been found mainly in aboriginal populations of Taiwan and Hainan, with some representatives among samples of Filipinos from Luzon, Indonesians from Sumatra, and Hans and Uzbeks from Xinjiang.

Tree This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup F subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.

F F* – China, KoreaHwan Young Lee, Ji-Eun Yoo, Myung Jin Park, Ukhee Chung, Chong-Youl Kim, and Kyoung-Jin Shin, "East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: Haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup-level control region sequence analysis." Electrophoresis (2006). DOI 10.1002/elps.200600151. F1 F1a'c'f – Thailand (Kaleun in Nakhon Phanom ProvinceWibhu Kutanan, Jatupol Kampuansai, Metawee Srikummool, Daoroong Kangwanpong, Silvia Ghirotto, Andrea Brunelli, and Mark Stoneking, "Complete mitochondrial genomes of Thai and Lao populations indicate an ancient origin of Austroasiatic groups and demic diffusion in the spread of Tai–Kadai languages." Hum Genet 2016 DOI 10.1007/s00439-016-1742-y.), China, Korea, Kazakhstan F1a – China, Korea, Uyghur, Thailand, Mongolia F1a1'4 – Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province), China (Ma'an site, Wuxi, Majiabang culture) F1a1 – Japan, Korea, China, Ulchi, Uyghur, Vietnam (incl. Cờ Lao), Laos, Thailand, Indonesia, Mexico F1a1a – Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, China (Zhanjiang, etc.), Tibet, Indonesia F1a1a1 – Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Nicobar Islands, Malaysia, Indonesia, China, Uyghur F1a1b – Japan, Korea F1a1c – Zhuang (Bama), Thailand, Tibet, Buryats (Inner Mongolia and Irkutsk Oblast), Japan F1a1c1 – Moken F1a1c2 – Japan, Xibo, China (Shanghai) F1a1d – Thailand, China, Taiwanese Aborigines (Tsou, Bunun, Rukai), Philippines F1a1d1 – Tao (Orchid Island) F1a4 F1a4a – Thailand, Han Chinese (Denver), Ulchi F1a4a1 – Taiwanese Aborigines (Tsou, Makatao, Bunun, Ami, etc.), Philippines (Ivatan, Ibaloi, Abaknon, Bugkalot, Kalangoya, Dulag, etc.), Guam, Malaysia (Kelantan Malay), Sumatra, Vietnam (Dao), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son Province and Chiang Mai Province), South Africa F1a4b – China F1a2 – Thailand, Vietnam (Hmong), China (Guizhou) F1a2a – Thailand (Phutai in Sakon Nakhon Province, Nyaw in Nakhon Phanom Province, Mon in Lopburi Province), China (Han in Zhanjiang, Dong, etc.) F1a3 F1a3a – Philippines (Lipa City, Abaknon, Batak from Palawan Island, Aeta from Bataan), Taiwan, Indonesia F1a3a1 – Taiwan (Bunun, Puyuma, etc.) F1a3a1a – Japan, Korea F1a3a2 – Philippines (Ivatan) F1a3a3 – Taiwanese Aborigines (Tsou, Bunun, Makatao, Thao), Philippines (Ivatan) F1a3a7 - Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia F1a3a8 - Philippines F1a3b - China (Hunan Han, etc.), Taiwan (Minnan from Kaohsiung, etc.), Kazakhstan (Jetisu) F1a3c (C10223T) - Thailand (Khmer, etc.), China (Han) F1a3e (C11860T) - Thailand, China (Uyghurs) F1c – Japan F1c1 – Japan F1c1a – Korea, Xinjiang, Tibet, Jammu and Kashmir, Thailand (Palaung in Chiang Mai Province, Khmu in Nan Province, Khon Mueang in Lampang Province) F1c1a1 – Russia, China (Qingdao, etc.), Evenk (New Barag Left Banner), Oroqen, Zhuang (Bama), Taiwan (Minnan) F1c1a1a – Tibet (Shannan, Sherpa, etc.), Yi F1c1a1b – China F1c1a2 – Tibet, Thailand, China (Chongqing), India F1f – Thailand, China, Lahu, Myanmar, Tibet, Cambodia, Vietnam (Hmong) F1-T16189C! F1b - Korea, Japan, Mongolia, China (North China) F1b1 – China, Tibet (Shigatse, etc.), Ladakh, Uyghur (Artux, etc.), Kyrgyz, Azeri, Kurd (Iran), Armenian, Turkey, Russia, Croatia F1b1a – Japan, Korea, Uyghur F1b1a1 – Japan, Korea F1b1a1a – Japan, Korea, USA (African American)Rebecca S Just, Melissa K Scheible, Spence A Fast, et al., "Full mtGenome reference data: development and characterization of 588 forensic-quality haplotypes representing three U.S. populations." Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2015 Jan;14:141-55. doi: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.09.021. Epub 2014 Oct 5. F1b1a1a1 – Japan, Korea F1b1a1a1a – Japan F1b1a1a2 – Japan, Korea F1b1a1a3 – Japan F1b1a2 – Japan, Korea F1b1b – Yakut, Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Turk, Even (Sakkyryyr, Tompo), Korea F1b1c – China, Yi, Buryat F1b1d – Japan, Korea F1b1e – Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Buryat, Oroqen, Russian (Sverdlovsk Oblast) F1b1e1 – Yakut F1b1f – China, Uyghur, Buryat (Buryat Republic), Yakut (Namsky District), Evenk (Stony Tunguska River basin), Hungary (ancient Avars) F1d – China (Hunan, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Beijing, Liaoning, Korean from Antu County, Hezhen, Minnan, Lhasa, etc.), Thailand (Mon in Kanchanaburi Province), South Korea, Japan, Kyrgyz (Artux, Ak-Say), ancient Scythian F1d1 – Tibet, Nepal (Tharu), Newar of Nepal (12%), Myanmar, Thailand (Mon in Kanchanaburi Province), China, Japan, South Africa F1e F1e1 – China (North China), Mongolia F1e1a – Japan F1e2 – China, Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan) F1e3 – China (Guangdong, etc.), Laos (Lao in Vientiane), Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi Province and Phichit Province), Sumatra, Vietnam (Kinh) F1g – Tibet, Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi Province, Sukhothai Province, and Phichit Province), China, Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan) F1g1 – China (Yunnan, etc.), Vietnam (Hmong, Dao), Nepal (Newar, 2.4%) F2 F2* – Laos (Lao in Vientiane), China, Hong Kong, Uyghur (Artux) F2a'b'g F2a – China (Han from Beijing, Xinjiang, etc.), Taiwan (Makatao), Korea, Japan, Kazakhstan F2a1 – China (Han from Shandong), Naxi, Bai, Nu, Tu (Monguor),Kong, Q.P., Yao, Y.G., Sun, C., Zhu, C.L., Zhong, L., Wang, C.Y., Cai, W.W., Xu, X.M., Xu, A.L. and Zhang, Y.P., 2004. Phylogeographic analysis of mitochondrial DNA haplogroup F2 in China reveals T12338C in the initiation codon of the ND5 gene not to be pathogenic. Journal of human genetics, 49(8), p.414. Yi, Tibetan F2a2 – China (Han from Zhanjiang, etc.), Miao (Guizhou), Kinh (Guangxi), Dai and Lisu (Yunnan) F2a3 – China (Han from Xinjiang, Yunnan, Qinghai, and Shandong), Tu, Hui, Mongols in Inner Mongolia F2b – China (Han from Qingdao), Taiwan (Hakka) F2b1 – Thailand (Lao Isan in Roi Et Province and Chaiyaphum Province, Khon Mueang in Lampang Province), China (Han from Beijing, Xinjiang, etc.), Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast), Yakut, Even (NE Sakha Republic), Yukaghir (NE Sakha Republic),Sardana A Fedorova, Maere Reidla, Ene Metspalu, et al., "Autosomal and uniparental portraits of the native populations of Sakha (Yakutia): implications for the peopling of Northeast Eurasia." BMC Evolutionary Biology 2013, 13:127. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/13/127 Nepal (Newar, 1.1%) F2g – China, Ladakh F2c – China F2c1 – China (Shantou, etc.), Japan F2c2 – China (Han from Beijing), Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz) F2d – China, Uyghur, Thailand (Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province and Lamphun Province), Singapore, Japan, Kazakhstan F2e – China, Thailand (Tai Yuan in Uttaradit Province, Phuan in Phrae Province and Lopburi Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Mai Province), Vietnam (Dao) F2e1 – China, Barghut (Hulun Buir) F2f – Japan, Korea, China, Pakistan (Hazara), Azerbaijan (Astara), Bashkortostan (Bashkir), Poland F2h'i – China F2h – China, Tibet (Lhasa), Taiwan, Thailand (Tai Dam in Kanchanaburi Province) F2i – China, Taiwan (Makatao), Korea F3 (formerly R9a) F3a – China (Han from Ili, etc.), Uyghur, Thailand F3a1 – China (Han from Yunnan, Guizhou, Shantou, Lanzhou,Hongbin Yao, Mengge Wang, Xing Zou, et al., "New insights into the fine-scale history of western-eastern admixture of the northwestern Chinese population in the Hexi Corridor via genome-wide genetic legacy." Mol Genet Genomics 2021 Mar 1. doi: 10.1007/s00438-021-01767-0. etc.), Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Taiwan (Hakka, etc.), Thailand (Phuan in Suphan Buri Province, Shan in Mae Hong Son Province, Khon Mueang in Chiang Rai Province, Mae Hong Son Province, Chiang Mai Province, Lamphun Province, and Lampang Province), Vietnam (Hmong, Dao) F3b – Thailand, Japan, Korea, China (Han from Qijiang), Yi F3b1 – Philippines, Comoros (Comorian from Grande Comore), USA F3b1a – Taiwan (Rukai, Puyuma, Paiwan, Tsou, Makatao, Bunun, Ami, etc.), Philippines (Maranao) F3b1a1 – Philippines (Bugkalot), Indonesia F3b1a2 – Taiwan (Puyuma, Bunun, Paiwan, etc.) F3b1b – Madagascar, Sumatra, Philippines (Batak from Palawan Island) F3b1b1 – Philippines (Ibaloi, Kankanaey, Ifugao), Spain, Denmark F4 F4a – Thailand/Laos, China, Taiwan, Korea F4a1 F4a1a – Japan, China (Han from Lanzhou, She), Taiwan F4a1b – China, Japan F4a2 – China, Laos (Lao in Vientiane and Luang Prabang), Thailand (Phuan in Lopburi Province, Nyah Kur in Chaiyaphum Province, Khon Mueang in Lamphun Province) F4b – China (Han from Beijing), Thailand (Khon Mueang in Mae Hong Son Province, Lao Isan in Roi Et Province) F4b1 – China, Taiwan (Atayal, Bunun, Saisiyat, Thao, Tsou, Ami, Makatao, etc.), Philippines, Madagascar

Table of frequencies by ethnic group