In human mitochondrial genetics, haplogroup B is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
Origin Haplogroup B is believed to have arisen in Asia some 50,000 years before present. Its ancestral haplogroup was Eurasian haplogroup R.
The greatest variety of haplogroup B is in China. It is therefore likely that it underwent its earliest diversification in mainland East or South East Asia.
Distribution Basal B was found in Upper Paleolithic Tianyuan man.
Haplogroup B is now most common among populations native to Southeast Asia,Haplogroup B. as well as speakers of Sino-Tibetan languages and Austronesian languages.
A subclade of B4b (which is sometimes labeled B2) is one of five haplogroups found among the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being A, C, D, and X.
Because the migration to the Americas by the ancestors of indigenous Americans is generally believed to have been from northeastern Siberia via Beringia, it is surprising that Haplogroup B and Haplogroup X have not been found in Paleo-Siberian tribes of northeastern Siberia. However, Haplogroup B has been found among Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic populations of Siberia, such as Tuvans, Altays, Shors, Khakassians, Yakuts, Buryats, Mongols, Negidals, and Evenks. This haplogroup is also found among populations in China, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Korea, Laos,Martin Bodner, Bettina Zimmermann, Alexander Röck, Anita Kloss-Brandstätter, David Horst, Basil Horst, Sourideth Sengchanh, Torpong Sanguansermsri, Jürgen Horst, Tanja Krämer, Peter M Schneider, and Walther Parson, "Southeast Asian diversity: first insights into the complex mtDNA structure of Laos." BMC Evolutionary Biology (2011), 11:49. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/11/49 Madagascar, Malaysia, Melanesia, Micronesia, Mongolia, the Philippines, Polynesia, Thailand, and Vietnam.Theodore G Schurr and Douglas C Wallace, "Mitochondrial DNA diversity in Southeast Asian populations", Human Biology, June 2002.
Although haplogroup B in general has been found in many Siberian population samples, the subclade that is phylogenetically closest to American B2, namely B4b1, has been found mainly in populations of southern China and Southeast Asia, especially Filipinos and Austronesian speakers of eastern Indonesia (approx. 8%) and the aborigines of Taiwan and Hainan (approx. 7%). However, B4b1 has been observed in populations as far north as Turochak and Choya districts in the north of Altai Republic (3/72 = 4.2% Tubalar), Miyazaki and Tokyo, Japan (approx. 3%),Taketo Uchiyama, Rinnosuke Hisazumi, Kenshi Shimizu et al., "Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation and Phylogenetic Analysis in Japanese Individuals from Miyazaki Prefecture," 「法科学技術」houkagaku gijutsu, 12(1), 83–96 (2007) South Korea (4/185 = 2.2%), Tuva (1/95 = 1.1% Tuvan), and Hulunbuir (1/149 = 0.7% Barghut).
Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup B PopulationFrequencyCountSourceSubtypesCarolinian (Saipan)1.00017B4a1a1a=15, B4a1a(xB4a1a1a)=2Hawaiians0.994160B4a1a1, B4a1a1a1, B4a1a1a3Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan)0.60010B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=3, B4a=1, B4e=1, B4f=1Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan)0.48127B4a=7, B4b1=5, B5a=1Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong)0.42935B5a=7, B4e=3, B4b1=2, B4a=1, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=1, B(xB4, B5)=1Filipino0.42264B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=8, B5b=7, B4b1=6, B4c1b=4, B4a1a1=1, B5a=1Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi)0.39041B5a=7, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=6, B4a=3Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan)0.37524B5a=7, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=2Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam)0.369168B5a=27, B4c2=18, B4c1b2=3, B4h=3, B4a1(xB4a1a)=2, B4g=2, B5b2a=2, B4a(xB4a1)=1, B4a1a=1, B4b1=1, B4c1b(xB4c1b2)=1, B5b1=1Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.36819B5a=3, B4a=2, B4b1=1, B4e=1Filipino (Luzon)0.367177B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=20, B5b=18, B4b1=13, B4c1b=10, B5a=2, B4a(xB4a1a)=1, B7=1Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan)0.33339B5a=8, B4a=5Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou)0.32128B4a=6, B5a=2, B4c=1Kinh (Vietnamese)0.317139B4=24, B5=19, B6=1Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi)0.31332B4a=5, B5a=3, B4e=2Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan)0.30040B5a=5, B4a=3, B4e=2, B4b1=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.29341B5a=4, B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=4, B4a=3, B4(xB4a)=1Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi)0.28025B4a=5, B5a=2Filipino (Visayas)0.277112B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=11, B4b1=8, B4c1b=7, B5b=5Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.26926B4a=3, B5a=2, B4b1=1, B4f=1Laos0.262214B5a=26, B4g=7, B4c2=6, B4a'g*=3, B4a1*=3, B4b1a2a=2, B4e=2, B4*=1, B4a1b=1, B4b1*=1, B4b1a1'2*=1, B4c1b=1, B5b=1, B6=1Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.25831B4a=4, B5a=3, B4b1=1Lahu (Simao, Yunnan)0.25032B4a=5, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=3Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.25032B5a=4, B4a=2, B4f=1, B5b=1Yi (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.25016B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B4a=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1, B5a=1Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan)0.24445B4a=5, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=3, B5a=3Filipino (Mindanao)0.24370B4a1a(xB4a1a1)=7, B4b1=5, B5b=3, B4a(xB4a1a)=1, B4a1a1=1Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.23842B4a=3, B4b1=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=2, B5a=1, B5b=1Han (Taiwan)0.234111B4+C16261T+G16129A!=6, B5a1=3, B4+C16261T=2, B4b1a2=2, B4b1b'c=2, B4c1b2a(xB4c1b2a2)=2, B4g=2, B4a1a(xB4a1a1a)=1, B4a4=1, B4b1a3=1, B4c1b+A16335G=1, B4c1c=1, B5b(xB5b2a)=1, B5b2a=1Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.22631B4a=3, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=2, B4b=1, B5a=1Bai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.21119B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B4a=1, B5a=1Han (Taipei, Taiwan)0.20991B4(xB4f)=13, B5=6Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.206102B4a=5, B4b1=5, B5a=5, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c, B4e, B4f, B4g)=3, B5b=2, B4c=1Korean (South Korea)0.204103B4=13, B5=8CHS (Han from Hunan & Fujian)0.20055B5=6, B4=5Lahu (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.20015B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B4a=1, B4b1=1Han (Southern California)0.192390B=75Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.19021B4a=2, B4(xB4a)=1, B5b=1Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, and 26 Guizhou)0.190137B4b'd=9, B4a=6, B5a=4, B4c=3, B(xB4a, B4b'd, B4c, B5a, B5b, B6)=2, B5b=1, B6=1Tujia (western Hunan)0.18864B4a=5, B5b=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B5a=2Hmong (Jishou, Hunan)0.184103B5a=6, B4a=5, B4b1=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4e, B4f)=2, B4e=1, B4f=1, B5b=1Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.18233B5a=2, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B4a=1, B4b1=1, B5b=1Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.18211B4a=1, B4b1=1Korean (Seoul & Daejeon, South Korea)0.180261B(xB5)=32, B5=15Han (Taiwan)0.1791117B=200CHD (Han from Denver, Colorado)0.17873B4=12, B5=1Hui (Xinjiang)0.17845B4a=4, B5a=2, B4b1=1, B6=1Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)0.17540B4(xB4a, B4b1)=5, B4a=1, B4b1=1Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou)0.17229B4b=3, B5a=2Thailand0.171105B(xB5a1)=13, B5a1=5Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan)0.17135B5a=4, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.16050B4a=4, B(xB4, B5)=2, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B5a=1Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning)0.156160B4(xB4f)=15, B5=10Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner)0.15645B4(xB4a, B4b)=4, B4a=3Korean (Seoul National University Hospital)0.155633B=98Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou)0.15020B4b=1, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=1, B6=1Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.14947B4=5, B5=2Korean (South Korea)0.148203B4(xB4f)=24, B5=6Korean (South Korea)0.146185B4a=11, B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=7, B4b1=4, B5a=2, B5b=2, B4c=1Vietnamese0.14342B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=3, B4a=1, B4b(xB4b1)=1, B5a=1Okinawa0.141326B4(xB4f)=28, B4f=10, B5=8CHB (Han from Beijing Normal University)0.140121B4=14, B5=3JPT (Japanese from Tokyo)0.136118B4=11, B5=5Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan)0.13330B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B5a=2Japanese (Hokkaidō)0.129217B4(xB4f)=18, B4f=5, B5=5Japanese (Tōkai)0.124282B4(xB4f)=26, B5=9Japanese (Gifu)0.1211617B=196Negidal0.12133B5b2=4Japanese (Tōhoku)0.119336B4(xB4f)=24, B5=15, B4f=1Korean (northern China)0.11851B4a=2, B4b(xB4b1)=2, B5a=1, B5b=1Telengit (Altai Republic)0.11371B4=8Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.11118B4a=1, B5a=1Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)0.11154B4a=5, B5b=1Japanese (northern Kyūshū)0.109256B4(xB4f)=19, B5=8, B4f=1Japanese0.109211B4b1=14, B5b=4, B5a=2, B4a=1, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1Evenk (New Barag Left Banner)0.10647B4b=4, B5b=1Korean (Arun Banner)0.10448B4b=2, B5b=2, B4(xB4a, B4b)=1Mongol (New Barag Left Banner)0.10448B4b=3, B4a=1, B5a=1Han (Beijing)0.10040B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=2, B4b(xB4b1)=2Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan)0.10030B4(xB4a, B4b1)=3Thai0.10040B5a=3, B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=1Yi (Luxi, Yunnan)0.09731B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B(xB4, B5)=1Japanese (Miyazaki)0.090100B4b1a1=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1)=2, B4a=2, B5b=2Khakassian (Khakassia)0.08857B4=5Han (Xinjiang)0.08547B5a=2, B4b1=1, B5b=1Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash, Kyrgyzstan)0.08547B5a=2, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1, B4a=1Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.08547B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=2, B4a=1, B5b=1Tuvan0.08495B4a1c2=4, B5=2, B4(xB4a1c2, B4b1a, B4d1a)=1, B4b1a=1Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)0.08324B=2Barghut (Hulunbuir)0.081149B4c1a2(xB4c1a2a)=4, B4f1=2, B5b(xB5b2)=2, B4c1a2a=1, B4b1a3a1a=1, B4d1=1, B5b2=1Chamorro (85 Guam, 14 Saipan, & 6 Rota)0.076105B4a1a1a=7, B4b1=1Manchurian0.07540B4(xB4a, B4b, B4c)=2, B4a=1Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.07540B=3Uyghur (Penjim, Panfilov District, Almaty Province, Kazakhstan)0.07355B5a=3, B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1Buryat0.071126B4(xB4a, B4b)=5, B5b=2, B(xB4, B5a, B5b)=1, B4b=1Khamnigan (Buryatia)0.07199B4=5, B5=2Dungan (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.06316B=1Persian (eastern Iran)0.06182B4=4, B5=1Nogai (Dagestan)0.06133B=2Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet)0.05735B=2Kazakh (Kegen Valley, Almaty Province, Kazakhstan)0.05555B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1, B4a=1, B5b=1Lisu (Gongshan, Yunnan)0.05437B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1, B5(xB5a, B5b)=1Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.053133B5a=7Uzbek (Xinjiang)0.05258B4b1=2, B4c=1Bukharan Arab (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020B=1Filipino (Palawan)0.05020B4a1a=1Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020B=1Turkmen (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020B=1Shor (Kemerovo Oblast)0.04982B4=4Va (Simao, Yunnan)0.04522B4(xB4a)=1Altai Kizhi0.04490B4=3, B5=1Bai (Dali, Yunnan)0.04468B5a=2, B4b1=1Tofalar0.04346B4a1c2=2Kyrgyz (Bakay-Ata, Kyrgyzstan)0.04248B4(xB4a, B4b1, B4c)=1, B5b=1Tubalar0.04272B4b1a=3Evenk (Krasnoyarsk Krai)0.04173B4=3Kazakh (Kosh-Agach, Altai Republic)0.04198B5b2=3, B4c1b=1Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsky, Irkutsk Oblast)0.04025B4d1a=1Kazakh (Xinjiang)0.03853B4a=2Teleut (Kemerovo Oblast)0.03853B4=2Kalmyk (Kalmykia)0.036110B4=3, B5=1Jetisu Kazakhstan0.035200B4=4, B5=3Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet)0.03429B4a=1Buryat (Buryatia)0.034295B4=9, B5=1Lahu (Lancang, Yunnan)0.02935B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)0.02836B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1Va (Ximeng & Gengma, Yunnan)0.02836B5a=1Yakut (Yakutia)0.02836B4=1Tharu (Morang, Nepal)0.02540B5a=1Tibetan (Deqin, Yunnan)0.02540B4(xB4a, B4b1)=1Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner)0.02344B4(xB4a, B4b)=1Uyghur (Xinjiang)0.02147B(xB4, B5, B6)=1Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang)0.02049B4b1=1Ainu0.02051B4f1=1Tuvinian (Tuva)0.019105B4=2Tibetan (Qinghai)0.01856B4a=1Nogai (Nogaysky, Dagestan & Adyge-Khabalsky, Karachay-Cherkessia)0.015206B=3Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)0.01474B4a=1Yakut0.012423B4(xB4b1)=3B4b1=1B5b2=1Bashkir0.009221B=2Chukchi (Anadyr)0.00015 –Uyghur (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00016 –Crimean Tatar (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020 –Iranian (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020 –Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020 –Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020 –Kyrgyz (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.00020 –Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.00024 –Nganasan0.00024 –Tibetan (Diqing, Yunnan)0.00024 –Kurd (northwestern Iran)0.00025 –Andhra Pradesh (tribal)0.00029 –Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet)0.00029 –Batak (Palawan)0.00031 –Ket0.00038 –Tajik (Tajikistan)0.00044 –Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet)0.00044 –Evenk (Buryatia)0.00045 –Udege (Gvasiugi, Imeni Lazo, Khabarovsk Krai)0.00046 –Itelmen0.00047 –Chuvash0.00055 –Nivkh (northern Sakhalin)0.00056 –Komi-Zyryans0.00062 –Mansi0.00063 –Chukchi0.00066 –Evenk (53 Stony Tunguska basin & 18 Tuguro-Chumikan)0.00071 –Tatar (Aznakayevo)0.00071 –Komi-Permyaks0.00074 –Siberian Eskimo0.00079 –Ulchi0.00087 –Mansi0.00098 –Udmurt0.000101 –Mordvinian0.000102 –Khanty0.000106 –Yakut0.000117 –Tatar (Buinsk)0.000126 –Mari0.000136 –Koryak0.000155 –Tatar0.000228 –
Subclades
Tree This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup B subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research. B'R11'R24