Limnonectes is a genus of fork-tongued frogs of 91 known species, but new ones are still being described occasionally. They are collectively known as fanged frogs because they tend to have unusually large teeth, which are small or absent in other frogs.
Habitat These frogs are found throughout East and Southeast Asia, most commonly near forest streams. Multiple species of Limnonectes may occupy the same area in harmony. Large-bodied species cluster around fast rivers, while smaller ones live among leaf-litter or on stream banks. The Indonesian island of Sulawesi is home to at least 15 species of this frog, only four of which have been formally described.
Lifecycle Tadpoles of this genus have adapted to a variety of conditions. Most species (e.g. Blyth's river frog L. blythii or the fanged river frog L. macrodon) develop normally, with free-swimming tadpoles that eat food. The tadpoles of the corrugated frog (L. laticeps) are free-swimming but endotrophic, meaning they do not eat but live on stored yolk until metamorphosis into frogs. Before, L. limborgi was assumed to have direct development (eggs hatching as tiny, full-formed frogs), but more careful observations have shown it has free-swimming but endotrophic larvae; this probably applies to the closely related L. hascheanus, too. L. larvaepartus is the only known species of frog that gives live birth to tadpoles. Parental care is performed by males.
Species
Limnonectes abanghamidi Matsui, 2024 Limnonectes acanthi (Taylor, 1923) Limnonectes arathooni (Smith, 1927) Limnonectes asperatus (Inger, Boeadi & Taufik, 1996) Limnonectes bagoensis Köhler, Zwitzers, Than & Thammachoti, 2021 Limnonectes bagoyoma Köhler, Zwitzer, Than & Thammachoti, 2021 Limnonectes bannaensis Ye, Fei, Xie & Jiang, 2007 Limnonectes barioensis Matsui & Nishikawa, 2024 Limnonectes batulawensis Matsui, Nishikawa & Eto, 2024 Limnonectes beloncioi Herr, Vallejos, Meneses, Abraham, Otterholt, Siler, Rico & Brown, 2021 Limnonectes blythii (Boulenger, 1920) Limnonectes cassiopeia Herr, Som & Brown, 2024 Limnonectes cintalubang Matsui, Nishikawa & Eto, 2014 Limnonectes coffeatus Phimmachak, Sivongxay, Seateun, Yodthong, Rujirawan, Neang, Aowphol & Stuart, 2018 Limnonectes conspicillatus (Günther, 1872) Limnonectes dabanus (Smith, 1922) Limnonectes dammermani (Mertens, 1929) Limnonectes deinodon Dehling, 2014 Limnonectes diuatus (Brown & Alcala, 1977) Limnonectes doriae (Boulenger, 1887) Limnonectes fastigatus Stuart, Schoen, Nelson, Maher, Neang, Rowley & McLeod, 2020 Limnonectes finchi (Inger, 1966) Limnonectes fragilis (Liu & Hu, 1973) Limnonectes fujianensis Ye & Fei, 1994 Limnonectes ghoshi (Chanda, 1991) Limnonectes grunniens (Latreille, 1801) Limnonectes gyldenstolpei (Andersson, 1916) Limnonectes hascheanus (Stoliczka, 1870) Limnonectes heinrichi (Ahl, 1933) Limnonectes hikidai Matsui & Nishikawa, 2014 Limnonectes ibanorum (Inger, 1964) Limnonectes ingeri (Kiew, 1978) Limnonectes isanensis McLeod, Kelly & Barley, 2012 Limnonectes jarujini Matsui, Panha, Khonsue & Kuraishi, 2010 Limnonectes kadarsani Iskandar, Boeadi & Sancoyo, 1996 Limnonectes kenepaiensis (Inger, 1966) Limnonectes khammonensis (Smith, 1929) Limnonectes khasianus (Anderson, 1871) Limnonectes kiziriani Pham, Le, Ngo, Ziegler & Nguyen, 2018 Limnonectes kohchangae (Smith, 1922) Limnonectes kong Dehling & Dehling, 2017 Limnonectes kuhlii (Tschudi, 1838) Limnonectes lambirensis Matsui & Nishikawa, 2024 Limnonectes lanjakensis Matsui & Nishikawa, 2024 Limnonectes lanjakensis Matsui & Nishikawa, 2024 Limnonectes larvaepartus Iskandar, Evans & McGuire, 2014 Limnonectes lauhachindai Aowphol, Rujirawan, Taksinum, Chuaynkern & Stuart, 2015 Limnonectes leporinus (Andersson, 1923) Limnonectes leytensis (Boettger, 1893) Limnonectes limborg (Sclater, 1892) Limnonectes longchuanensis Suwannapoom, Yuan, Sullivan & McLeod, 2016 Limnonectes macrocephalus (Inger, 1954) Limnonectes macrodon (Duméril & Bibron, 1841) Limnonectes macrognathus (Boulenger, 1917) Limnonectes magnus (Stejneger, 1910) Limnonectes malesianus (Kiew, 1984) Limnonectes mawlyndipi (Chanda, 1990) Limnonectes megastomias McLeod, 2008 Limnonectes micrixalus (Taylor, 1923) Limnonectes microdiscus (Boettger, 1892) Limnonectes microtympanum (Van Kampen, 1907) Limnonectes mocquardi Matsui, Dubois & Ohler, 2013 Limnonectes modestus (Boulenger, 1882) Limnonectes namiyei (Stejneger, 1901) Limnonectes nguyenorum McLeod, Kurlbaum & Hoang, 2015 Limnonectes nitidus (Smedley, 1932) Limnonectes paginatanensis Matsui, Niskikawa & Shimada, 2024 Limnonectes palavanensis (Boulenger, 1894) Limnonectes paramacrodon (Inger, 1966) Limnonectes parvus (Taylor, 1920) Limnonectes paulyambuni Matsui, Nishikawa & Shimada, 2024 Limnonectes penerisanensis Matsui, Niskikawa & Shimada, 2024 Limnonectes phuyenensis Pham, Do, Le, Ngo, Nguyen, Ziegler & Nguyen, 2020 Limnonectes phyllofolia Frederick, Iskandar, Riyanto, Hamidy, Reilly, Stubbs, Bloch, Bach & McGuire, 2023 Limnonectes plicatellus (Stoliczka, 1873) Limnonectes poilani (Bourret, 1942) Limnonectes pseudodoriae Yodthong, Rujirawan, Stuart & Aowphol, 2021 Limnonectes quangninhensis Pham, Le, Nguyen, Ziegler, Wu & Nguyen, 2017 Limnonectes savan Phimmachak, Richards, Sivongxay, Seateun, Chuaynkern, Makchai, Som & Stuart, 2019 Limnonectes selatan Matsui, Belabut & Ahmad, 2014 Limnonectes separatus Matsui, Nishikawa & Shimada, 2024 Limnonectes shompenorum Das, 1996 Limnonectes sinuatodorsalis Matsui, 2015 Limnonectes sisikdagu McLeod, Horner, Husted, Barley & Iskandar, 2011 Limnonectes tawauensis Matsui, Nishikawa & Shimada. 2024 Limnonectes tayloriMatsui, Panha, Khonsue & Kuraishi, 2010 Limnonectes timorensis (Smith, 1927) Limnonectes tweediei (Smith, 1935) Limnonectes utara Matsui, Belabut & Ahmad, 2014 Limnonectes visayanus (Inger, 1954) Limnonectes woodworthi (Taylor, 1923)
Phylogeny Pyron & Wiens (2011) The following phylogeny of Limnonectes is from Pyron & Wiens (2011). 35 species are included. Limnonectes is a sister group of Nanorana.
Aowphol, et al. (2015) The following Limnonectes phylogeny is from Aowphol, et al. (2015).Aowphol, Rujirawan, Taksintum, Chuaynkern, and Stuart, 2015, Zootaxa, 3956: 259. Holotype: NCSM 80222, by original designation. Type locality: "Thailand, Ubon Ratchathani Province, Sirindhorn District, Kham Khuen Kaew Subdistrict, 15°17'47.6"N 105°28'22.0"E, 131 m elev." zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:270500F3-C33E-434B-B5F1-1FDB7A856AD9 20 species are included.
McLeod, et al. (2015) Below is a phylogeny of species within the L. kuhlii species complex (McLeod, et al. 2015).McLeod, Kurlbaum & Hoang, 2015 : More of the same: a diminutive new species of the Limnonectes kuhlii complex from northern Vietnam (Anura: Dicroglossidae). Zootaxa, No. 3947, . Limnonectes longchuanensis, Limnonectes hikidai, and Limnonectes cintalubangMatsui, Nishikawa, and Eto, 2014, Raffles Bull. Zool., Singapore, 62: 681. Holotype: KUHE 47859, by original designation. Type locality: "Ranchan, Serian, Samarahan Division, Sarawak, East Malaysia (01° 08′ 30″ N, 110° 34′ 57″ E, 64 m asl)". http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9C21B7C4-27AD-4103-89C0-513D2E80106C are also part of the L. kuhlii species complex.
References