The Upper Kuskokwim language (also called Kolchan or Goltsan or Dinak'i) is an Athabaskan language of the Na-Dené language family. It is spoken by the Upper Kuskokwim people in the Upper Kuskokwim River villages of Nikolai, Telida, and McGrath, Alaska. About 40 of a total of 160 Upper Kuskokwim people (Dichinanek’ Hwt’ana) still speak the language.
A practical orthography of the language was established by Raymond Collins, who in 1964 began linguistic work at Nikolai.
Since 1990s, the language has also been documented by a Russian linguist Andrej Kibrik.
Phonology
Consonants
LabialAlveolarPost-alveolarRetroflexPalatalVelarGlottal plain sibilant lateral Plosive/Affricate plain aspirated ejective Fricative voiceless voiced Sonorant voiceless voiced glottalized
Vowels Front Back Close Near-close Open /ɪ/ may range to either [ɪ] or mid as [ə].
Morphology Nouns Nouns are divided into two classes: those which can be possessed, but do not have to be (such as clothing, animals and lake names) and those which are always possessed (such as body parts).
For the former group, some nouns that are possessed have a change in spelling and pronunciation when they are possessed. For example, the prefix indicates "my".
+ Possessive Noun Changes Upper Kuskokwim English fishnet my fishnet your fishnet his/her fishnet
However, other nouns that may be possessed do not undergo any sound changes, and instead the possession is indicated either by the separate possessive word , or by the prefix . For example, (birch tree) becomes (my birch tree) and (trail) becomes ().
Verbs can be changed into nouns with the suffix . This also causes sound changes in some verbs.
Adjectives There are few adjectives that modify nouns in Upper Kuskokwim. Adjectives are added after nouns, e.g. ().
Upper Kuskokwim English big small dried narrow
Syntax Upper Kuskokwim uses SOV word order. It is a partially inflectional and partially agglutinative language, and a pro-drop language.
Bibliography Alaska Native Language Center. Retrieved on 2007-03-14.
References
Links Upper Kuskokwim Language and Culture Preservation Dinak'i | Upper Kuskokwim Dictionary iOS app