Treaty ports

Treaty ports (; ) were sea ports in China and Japan that were opened to foreign trade in the 1800s mainly because of the unequal treaties forced upon them by Western powers, as well as cities in Korea opened up similarly by the Qing dynasty of China (before the First Sino-Japanese War) and the Empire of Japan.William C. Johnstone, "International Relations: The Status of Foreign Concessions and Settlements in the Treaty Ports of China" American Political Science Review (1937) 31#5 pp. 942-948 online

China

For encyclopedic details on each treaty port, see Robert Nield's China's Foreign Places: The Foreign Presence in China in the Treaty Port Era, 1840–1943 (2015).

Current provinceor municipality City Date Foreign concession holders Shanghai Shanghai 1842–1946 Greater Shanghai had three sections: the Shanghai International Settlement of the and the the Shanghai Concession of , the Old City of Shanghai Jiangsu Nanjing 1858 Zhenjiang Jiangxi Jiujiang 1861–1929 , British Concession in Jiujiang Hubei Hankou(now part of Wuhan) 1858–1945 ; later , , , and Russia Shashi Yichang Hunan Changsha 1937–1945 Yuzhou Sichuan Chongqing Zhejiang Ningbo 1841–1842 Wenzhou 1876 Fujian Fuzhou 1842–1945 , then Xiamen (Amoy) 1842–1912 Guangdong Guangzhou (Canton) 1842–1945 ; then Shantou 1858 Sanshui Haikou (Qiongshan) 1858 Guangxi Beihai 1876–1940s? , , , , , , , Nanning Yunnan Mengzi Simao Dengyue Shandong Yantai Hebei Tianjin 1860–1902 , , , , , , , , Liaoning Niuzhuang 1858 Yingkou Shenyang Jilin Changchun Hunchun Heilongjiang Harbin 1898–1946 , , ; later and the Aihun , Manzhouli , New Taipei City Tamsui 1862 Tainan Tainan 1858

Japan Japan opened two ports to foreign trade, Shimoda and Hakodate, in 1854 (Convention of Kanagawa), to the United States.Nakabayashi, 2014 In 1858, the Treaty of Amity and Commerce designated four more ports, Kanagawa, Hyogo, Nagasaki, and Niigata. The treaty with the United States was followed by similar ones with Britain, the Netherlands, Russia, and France. The ports permitted legal extraterritoriality for citizens of the treaty nations. The system of treaty ports ended in Japan in the year 1899 as a consequence of Japan's rapid transition to a modern nation. Japan had sought treaty revision earnestly, and in 1894, signed a new treaty with Britain which revised or abrogated the previous "unequal" treaty. Other countries signed similar treaties. The new treaties came into force in July 1899.J. E. Hoare, Japan's treaty ports and foreign settlements: the uninvited guests 1858–1899 (Folkestone: Japan Library, 1994).

Korea Following the Ganghwa Treaty of 1876, the Korean kingdom of Joseon agreed to the opening of three strategic ports and the extension of legal extraterritoriality to merchants from Meiji Japan. Chinese merchants also entered Korea in earnest after the Qing army was sent to suppress the Imo Incident in 1882. The first port opened in this manner was Busan, while Incheon and Wonsan followed shortly thereafter. These cities became important centers of mercantile activity for traders from China and Japan until Korea's colonization by Japan in 1910.Hoisoo Min, "The Establishment of the Superintendent Office (Gamriseo) at the Treaty Ports in Korea, 1883~ 1886." Journal of Northeast Asian History 36 (2012): 139-186.

See also

Economic history of China before 1912 Shanghai International Settlement Unequal treaties Chinese concession of Incheon Foreign concessions in China List of Chinese treaty ports Bases for destroyers

References

Further reading Bickers, Robert, and Isabella Jackson, eds. Treaty Ports in Modern China: Law, Land and Power (Routledge, 2016). Bracken, Gregory. "Treaty Ports in China: Their Genesis, Development, and Influence." Journal of Urban History 45#1 (2019): 168–176. online Brunero, Donna, and Stephanie Villalta Puig, eds. Life in Treaty Port China and Japan (Palgrave, 2018), scholarly essays Deuchler, Martina.Confucian Gentlemen and Barbarian Envoys: The Opening of Korea, 1875-1885 (University of Washington Press, 1977). Gull E. M. British Economic Interests in the Far East (1943); focus on the treaty ports online Hamashita, Takeshi. "Tribute and treaties: East Asian treaty ports networks in the era of negotiation, 1834–1894." European journal of East Asian studies 1.1 (2002): 59–87. Hibbard, Peter The Bund Shanghai: China Faces West (Odyssey Illustrated Guides, 2007) Hoare. J.E. Japan's Treaty Ports and Foreign Settlements: The Uninvited Guests, 1858–1899 (RoutledgeCurzon, 1995) . Johnstone, William C. "The status of foreign concessions and settlements in the Treaty Ports of China." American Political Science Review 31.5 (1937): 942–948. Online Morse, Hosea Ballou. International Relations of the Chinese Empire: The Period of Conflict: 1834-1860. (1910) online Morse, Hosea Ballou. International Relations of the Chinese Empire: The Period of Submission: 1861–1893. (1918) online Morse, Hosea Ballou. International Relations of the Chinese Empire: The Period of Subjection: 1894-1911 (1918) online Morse, Hosea Ballou. The Trade and Administration of the Chinese Empire (1908) online Nakabayashi, Masaki. "Imposed Efficiency of Treaty Ports: Japanese Industrialization and Western Imperialist Institutions." Review of Development Economics 18.2 (2014): 254–271. Online Nield, Robert. China’s Foreign Places: The Foreign Presence in China in the Treaty Ports (2015) Online Patterson, Wayne. William Nelson Lovatt in Late Qing China: War, Maritime Customs, and Treaty Ports, 1860–1904 (Lexington Books, 2019). Sewell, Bill. "East Asian Treaty Ports as Zones of Encounter." Journal of Urban History 45#6 (2019): 1315-1325 online. Sigel, Louis T. "Foreign Policy Interests and Activities of the Treaty-Port Chinese Community." in Reform in Nineteenth-Century China (Brill, 1976) pp. 272–281. Sigel, Louis T. "Urbanization, Modernization, and Identity in Asia: A Historical Perspective". Modern China 4#4 (1978) pp 461–490. Tai, En-Sai. Treaty ports in China: A study in diplomacy (Columbia UP, 1918) online. Taylor, Jeremy E. "The bund: littoral space of empire in the treaty ports of East Asia." Social History 27.2 (2002): 125–142. Wood, Frances. No Dogs and Not Many Chinese: Treaty Port Life in China 1843-1943 (1998) Zinda, Yvonne Schulz "Representation and Nostalgic Re-invention of Shanghai in Chinese film." in Port Cities in Asia and Europe (2008): 159+.

Primary sources Cortazzi, Hugh, ed. Victorians in Japan: In and around the Treaty ports (A&C Black, 2013), Anthology of primary sources. Dennys, Nicholas Belfield. The Treaty Ports of China and Japan. A Complete Guide to the Open Ports of Those Countries, Together with Peking, Yedo, Hongkong and Macao. Forming a Guide Book & Vade Mecum... With 29 Maps and Plans (1867). online Wright, Arnold. Twentieth century impressions of Hongkong, Shanghai, and other treaty ports of China: their history, people, commerce, industries, and resources (1908) online

External links

WorldStatesmen: China Omniatlas: Map of treaty port system in China in 1907 (earlier dates also available) Treaty ports in China, 1557-1999