Tucanoan (also Tukanoan, Tukánoan) is a language family of Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru.

Language contact Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Arutani, Paez, Sape, Taruma, Witoto-Okaina, Saliba-Hodi, Tikuna-Yuri, Pano, Barbakoa, Bora-Muinane, and Choko language families due to contact.

Classification Chacon (2014) There are two dozen Tucanoan languages. There is a clear binary split between Eastern Tucanoan and Western Tucanoan.Nikulin, Andrey V. 2019. The classification of the languages of the South American Lowlands: State-of-the-art and challenges / Классификация языков востока Южной Америки. Illič-Svityč (Nostratic) Seminar / Ностратический семинар, Higher School of Economics, October 17, 2019.

Tucanoan Western Tucanoan ?Cueretú (Kueretú) Napo Orejón ( M'áíhɨ̃ki, Maijiki, Coto, Koto, Payoguaje, Payaguá, Payowahe, Payawá) Correguaje–Secoya Correguaje (Koreguaje, Korewahe, Caquetá) Siona–Secoya (Upper Napo, Baicoca–Siecoca) ?Macaguaje ( Kakawahe, Piohé) Siona (Bai Coca, Sioni, Pioje, Pioche-Sioni, Tetete) Secoya (Sieko Coca, Airo Pai, Piohé) ?Tama Eastern Tucanoan South Tanimuca ( Retuarã) ?Yauna (Jaúna, Yahuna, Yaúna) West Barasana–Macuna Macuna ( Buhagana, Wahana, Makuna-Erulia, Makuna) Barasana (Southern Barasano, Paneroa, Eduria, Edulia, Comematsa, Janera, Taibano, Taiwaeno, Taiwano) Cubeo–Desano Cubeo (Cuveo, Kobeua, Kubewa) Yupua–Desano ?Yupuá Desano–Siriano ( Desano) East Central Tucano (Tukana, Dasea) Waimaha–Tatuyo Waimajã ( Bara, Northern Barasano) Tatuyo North Kotiria–Piratapuyo Guanano (Wanana, Wanano, Kotedia, Kotiria, Wanana-Pirá) Piratapuyo ( Waikina, Uiquina) Pisamira–Yuruti Pisamira–Carapano (Carapana, Karapana) Tuyuca–Yuruti Tuyuka (Tejuca, Teyuka, Tuyuca, Bara, Barasana) Yurutí

Plus unclassified Miriti.

Most languages are, or were, spoken in Colombia.

Jolkesky (2016) Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.

( = extinct)

Tukano Tukano, Western Kueretu Tukano, Western, Nuclear Mai Huna Koreguaje-Pioje Koreguaje-Tama Koreguaje Tama Pioje (Baicoca–Siecoca) Makaguaje Sekoya Siona Tetete Tukano, Eastern Tanimuka; Retuarã; Yahuna Tukano, Eastern, West Kubeo-Desano Kubeo Desano-Yupua Desano; Siriano Yupua Makuna; Barasano; Eduria Tukano, Eastern, East Tukano-Tatuyo Tukano Tatuyo-Bara-Waimaha Tatuyo Bara; Waimaha Tuyuka-Wanano Wanano-Piratapuyu Wanano Piratapuyo Tuyuka-Karapanã Karapanã; Pisamira Tuyuka; Yuruti

Loukotka (1968) Below is a full list of Tucanoan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.

Western group Tama - spoken on the Yarú River and Caguán River, Caquetá territory, Colombia, but now perhaps extinct. Coreguaje - spoken at the sources of the Caquetá River, department of Cauca, Colombia. Amaguaje / Encabellado / Rumo - extinct language once spoken on the Aguarico River, department of Loreto, Peru. Siona / Zeona / Ceño / Kokakañú - language spoken at the sources of the Putumayo River and Caquetá River, Putumayo territory, Colombia. Ificuene - spoken between the Güepi River and Aguarico River, Loreto. (Unattested.) Eno - language spoken by a few individuals at the mouth of the San Miguel River, Caquetá territory, Colombia. (Unattested.) Secoya - language spoken on the Putumayo River, Oriente province, Ecuador. (Johnson and Peeke 1962.) Icaguate - extinct language once spoken on the Caucaya River and Putumayo River, Putumayo territory, Colombia. Macaguaje - spoken in the same territory on the Mecaya River and Caucaya River and around Puerto Restrepo, by a few families. Tetete / Eteteguaje - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Güepi River, Loreto. (Unattested.) Pioje / Angotero / Ancutere - spoken on the Napo River, Tarapoto River, and Aguarico River, Loreto. Cóto / Payoguaje - spoken at the mouth of the Napo River, Loreto, Peru.

Yahuna group Yahuna / Jaúna - spoken on the Apoporis River, territory of Amazonas, Colombia. Tanimuca / Opaina - spoken by a small tribe on the Popeyaca River and Guacayá River, Amazonas, Colombia. Dätuana - spoken north of the preceding tribe on the Apoporis River. Menimehe [Jeruriwa] - spoken by a very little known tribe at the mouth of the Mirití-paraná River and Caquetá River. (Unattested.)

Yupua group Yupua / Hiupiá - spoken on the Coca River, a tributary of the Apoporis River, Colombia. Kushiita - once spoken at the mouth of the Apoporis River, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Now perhaps extinct. (Unattested.) Durina / Sokó - spoken on the Carapato River, Amazonas territory, Colombia.

Coretu group Coretu / Kueretú - spoken on the Mirití-paraná River, state of Amazonas, Brazil.

Cubeo group Cubeo / Kobéua / Kaniwa / Hahanana - spoken on the Caiarí River and Cuduiarí River, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Dialects are: Dyuremáwa / Yiboia-tapuya - spoken on the Querarí River, Amazonas. Bahukíwa / Bahuna - spoken by a tribe that originally spoke a language of the Arawak stock, on the Cuduiarí River. Hehénawa - spoken on the Cuduiarí River. Hölöua - spoken on the Cuduiarí River, now perhaps extinct. (Unattested.)

Särä group Särä - spoken between the Tiquié River and Piraparaná River, Vaupés territory, Colombia. Ömöa - spoken at the sources of the Tiquié River, Colombia. Buhágana / Karawatana - spoken on the Piraparaná River, Colombia. Macuna - spoken at the mouth of the Apoporis River, Colombia.

Erulia group Erulia / Paboa / Eduria - spoken on the Piraparaná River, Colombia. Tsaloa - spoken on the Piraparaná River. Palänoa - spoken on the middle course of the Piraparaná River.

Desána group Desána / Wína / Vina - spoken between the Tiquié River and Caiarí River, partly in Colombia and partly in Brazil. Chiránga / Siriána - spoken on the Paca-igarapé River, Colombia.

Tucano group Tucano / Tocano / Dace / Dagseje / Dajseá / Tocana - language of a large tribe that lived on the Vaupés and Tiquié River; state of Amazonas, Brazil. Uaíana - on the Caiary River, Colombia. Tuyuca / Doxcapura - spoken on the Tiquié River and Papury River, partly in Brazil, partly in Colombia. Arapaso / Koréa - extinct language once spoken on the Yapú River, Amazonas, Brazil. The last survivors now speak only Tucano. (Unattested.) Waikína / Uiquina / Uaíkana / Pira-tapuya - spoken on the Papury River, Colombia. Uantya / Puçá-tapuya - once spoken on the Macú-igarapé River, Colombia. Bará / Pocanga - spoken at the sources of the Tiquié River, Colombia. Uasöna / Pisa-tapuya - spoken on the Caiary River, Colombia. Tsölá / Teiuana - spoken on the Tiquié River and Piraparaná River, Colombia. Urubú-tapuyo - extinct language once spoken at the sources of the Caiary River, Colombia. Pamöá / Tatú-tapuyo - spoken at the sources of the Papury River and on the Tuyigarapé, Colombia. Patsoca / Iuruty-tapuyo - once spoken on the Abio River and Apoporis River, Colombia. Möxdöá / Carapana-tapuya - spoken between the Papury River and Caiary River, Colombia. Uanána / Wanána / Kotédia - spoken on the Caiarí River near the Cachoeira dos Araras, Brazil.

Proto-language Proto-Tukanoan reconstructions by Chacon (2013):Chacon, Thiago (2013). On Proto-Languages and Archaeological Cultures: pre-history and material culture in the Tukanoan Family. In Revista Brasileira de Linguística Antropológica. Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 217-245.

gloss proto-Tukanoan 3rd.person.masculine *-pi agouti *wuɨ ant sp. *meka aracu fishAracus. amazonwaters.org *p’ot’ika armadillo *pãmu back *sõkɨ bat *ojo big *pahi (to) bite *kũ black *tj’ĩ black ink (jenipapo) *weʔe blood *tj’ie blow *pu- bone *k’oʔa (to) break *p’ope (*poa) breast *upe buriti palm *neʔe capybara *kuetju cara (Dioscorea alata) *japi case *-t’e centipede; boa *jãk’i charcoal (1) *nitti charcoal (2); grease *neo cheek *wajo chew *tj’ãk’ɨ chili *p’ia cold *tjɨsi kapok *jɨi (to) cut *t’ɨtte dance / ritualized songs *p’aja deer *jama dove *ƭʃɨ- duck *p’ete ear *k’ãp’o egg *tj’ia elder *p’ɨkɨ elevated structure (shelves, roof, etc.) (jirau) *kaja (to) end *pet’i excrement *k’ɨt’a face *tj’ia father *pa-kɨ feminine *-k’o fire / firewood *peka fish; fish sp. (?) *waʔi (to) fish with a net; strain, remove *wajo fishing net *p’api float *paʔja flower *k’oʔo foot *k’ɨp’o fruit sp. *toa Inga (fruit sp.) *p’ene garden; outside; village *wese gather / collect *tʃɨ-a grandfather *jẽkku- grape *ɨʔje grass *taja green / blue / not ripe *tjɨ̃p’e hand; palm (of the hand) *pɨtɨ head *tj’ɨpo heavy *t’ɨkkɨ heron *jahi hole *k’ope hot; heat *atjɨ house; anthill *wɨ’e hummingbird *mimi I *jɨʔɨ insect sp. *tjusi jaguar *jai kingfisher *tjãsa know *masi lake *tj’itta land / territory / region *jep’a larva *p’ekko leg; hips; knee *jɨ̃ka locative / part-of-a-whole *-t’o distant *tj’oa macaw *maha man *ɨmɨ manioc *kɨi monkey *takke monkey sp. / coati *sisi mosquito *mɨte mouth *tj’ɨse (*jɨ-ʔo) name *wãmi navel *tʃõp’ɨ non-3rd animate person -p’ɨ nose *ɨ̃kʷ’e paca *seme pacu fish *uhu palm weevil *pĩko parrot *wekko path *maʔa peccary *tjẽse penis *no- people; 1.pl.inclusive *p’ã-tjã (to) plant *otte poison *tjima pot / ceramics / clay *sot- pupunha palm *ɨne red *sõʔa river *tj’ia root *t’ɨ̃k ’o (to) rub *sĩk’e (to) sit (to) sleep *kã- (to) smoke meat *sɨʔjo snake *ãja spider *p’ɨpɨ spirit; ancestral *wãtti (to) squeeze *p’ipo (to) stop *nɨk’V stone *k’ɨ̃ta stump; stick, club *tu-tu (to) swell *p’upi tapir *wekkɨ termite *p’utu thorn; fishhook *pota three *ɨt’ia thunder *wɨ̃po toad sp. *p’opa tobacco *mɨt’o tocandira ant *piata tongue / liver *tj’eme tooth *k’õpi tortoise; turtle *k’oɨ toucan *tj’ase (?) traira fish *t’oje tree *tjũkkɨ (to) urinate *k’one urucum (achiote) *p’õsa (to) wait *kʷɨt’e wasp *utti water *okko white; whitewash *p’o- wife *t’ɨ̃po wind *wĩno woman *t’õmi- woodpecker *kone yam *jãp’o you all *mɨ-tja

References

Bibliography Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. . Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. . Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.

External links

Proel: Familia Tucanoana