The Miracle of the Sun (), also known as the Miracle of Fátima, is a series of events reported to have occurred miraculously on 13 October 1917, attended by a large crowd (generally estimated to be in the high tens of thousands) who had gathered in Fátima, Portugal, in response to a prophecy made by three shepherd children, Lúcia Santos and Francisco and Jacinta Marto. The prophecy was that the Virgin Mary (referred to as Our Lady of Fátima) would appear and perform miracles on that date. Newspapers published testimony from witnesses who said that they had seen extraordinary solar activity, such as the Sun appearing to "dance" or zig-zag in the sky, advance towards the Earth, or emit multicolored light and radiant colors. According to these reports, the event lasted approximately ten minutes.
The local bishop opened a canonical investigation of the event in November 1917, to review witness accounts and assess whether the alleged private revelations from Mary were compatible with Catholic theology. The local priest conducting the investigation was particularly convinced by the concurring testimony of extraordinary solar phenomena from secular reporters, government officials, and other skeptics in attendance. Bishop José da Silva declared the miracle "worthy of belief" on 13 October 1930, permitting "officially the cult of Our Lady of Fátima" within the Catholic Church.
At a gathering on 13 October 1951 at Fátima, the papal legate, Cardinal Federico Tedeschini, told the million people attending that on 30 October, 31 October, 1 November, and 8 November 1950, Pope Pius XII himself witnessed the miracle of the Sun from the Vatican gardens. The early and enduring interest in the miracle and related prophecies has had a significant impact on the devotional practices of many Catholics.
There has been much analysis of the event from critical sociological and scientific perspectives. According to critics, the eyewitness testimony was actually a collection of inconsistent and contradictory accounts. Proposed alternative explanations include witnesses being deceived by their senses due to prolonged staring at the Sun and then seeing something unusual as expected.
Background
In the spring of 1916, three Catholic shepherd children near Fátima reported visions of an angel. Beginning in May 1917, they also experienced apparitions of the Virgin Mary, whom they called the Lady of the Rosary. The children claimed the Lady prophesied that prayer would bring an end to the Great War, and that on 13 October that year, she would reveal her identity and perform a miracle "so that all may believe."De Marchi 1952:38, 74 Newspapers reported the prophecies, and many pilgrims began visiting the area. The children's accounts were deeply controversial, drawing intense criticism from both local secular and religious authorities. A provisional administrator briefly took the children into custody, believing the prophecies were politically motivated in opposition to the officially secular First Portuguese Republic established in 1910.Bennett, 2012
The event
Various claims have been made regarding the events that transpired. Many witnesses reported that after a period of rain, the dark clouds parted, revealing the Sun as an opaque, spinning disc in the sky. It was described as being significantly duller than usual, casting multicolored lights across the landscape, the people, and the surrounding clouds. The Sun was then reported to have careened towards the earth before zig-zagging back to its normal position. Witnesses reported that their previously wet clothes became "suddenly and completely dry, as well as the wet and muddy ground that had been previously soaked because of the rain that had been falling".De Marchi 1952b: 150 Not all witnesses reported seeing the Sun "dance". Some people only saw the radiant colors, while others claimed to see the Virgin Mary.Documentação Crítica de Fátima: seleção de documentos (1917–1930), published in 2013 by the Shrine of Fatima, p. 91-95, Suddenly a man from Lapas, who had come only to please his wife and who didn't believe in the possibility of a miracle, cried out in tears: "I see, I see the Lady!!! Look, in this direction, between those two clouds, don't you see her?" We all looked in the direction indicated, but...none of us saw anything more than the clouds. However, the man full of faith said: "Arrest me if you want, but I will always tell you what I saw!" The woman saw nothing, but she was overjoyed that it was her husband who had seen it, because she didn't believe it; she believed it, she didn't need to see. [...] No one in the more educated classes told me they had seen the celestial apparition, but it is certain that everyone, educated and not, expressed their faith. A number of people saw nothing. Martins de Carvalho continued: "He [Almeida], a very liberal person, looked at me and said: ‘Look, I was there as were other reporters. And on that day the sky was very cloudy, out of the ordinary. And I heard the countryfolk say: ‘Look, there it is!’ I looked hard, but I admit that I did not see anything special.’ [...] The writer, who identified himself as "an assiduous reader," deplored the money he had spent on the trip to Fatima, to say nothing of the inconveniences he had suffered. He found satisfaction, however, in the fact that he, who "did not believe or disbelieve in God," had seen nothing of the solar phenomena as given in O Seculo. [...] He reported that the aunt of a lady whom he had met several times in Portugal and a friend of hers went to the Cova on October 13 and knelt during the miracle of the sun with another woman between them. This woman saw the miracle while the two others "saw nothing at all." [...] "This is what those around me said, and thousands affirmed to have seen. I did not see it! I could fix my eyes on the sun and I was enormously upset on hearing everybody shouting that extraordinary things could be seen in the sky. I think that Our Lord did not find me worthy of seeing those phenomena, but in my heart I did not feel a need to see them in order to believe that Our Lady appeared to the children." -- Lists Izabel Brandao de Melo, Lúcia dos Santos, and a few vague or unverifiable accounts of "two English ladies"/"two devout Portuguese women", and a Portuguese nun. As well as Antonio Sergio (p. 352). According to some estimates, the total crowd of observers was made up of about 70,000 people, while other sources state that there were 50,000 witnesses.
Skeptic Brian Dunning commented on an image commonly mistaken for a photograph of the Sun taken at Fátima: "An old black and white photograph of the actual sun miracle event shows a lot of dark rain clouds behind some trees and the sun poking through. There is certainly nothing in the photograph that looks unusual, but of course a photograph is static. Whatever the crowd saw was not interesting enough to be noticeable in a photograph". The photograph, originally published in 1951 by L'Osservatore Romano was subsequently determined to have been taken approximately eight years later in a different Portugal town of a different solar phenomenon. The misattributed image, however, continues to circulate on the internet, but EWTN acknowledges it is not from the events of Fátima.
The three children (Lúcia dos Santos and her cousins Jacinta and Francisco Marto) who originally claimed to have seen Our Lady of Fátima also reported seeing a panorama of visions, including those of Jesus, Our Lady of Sorrows, Our Lady of Mount Carmel, and Saint Joseph blessing the people.De Marchi 1952b: 151–66 In the fourth edition of her memoirs, written in 1941, Lúcia said that on the occasion of their third visit to the Cova da Iria, on 13 July 1917, she asked the Lady to tell them who she was, and to perform a miracle so that everyone would believe. The Lady told her that they should continue to come to the Cova each month until October, when the requested miracle would occur.Bennett, Jeffrey S., When the Sun Danced: Myth, Miracles, and Modernity in Early Twentieth-Century Portugal, University of Virginia Press, 2012
De Marchi accounts
Descriptions of the events reported at Fátima were collected by Father John De Marchi, an Italian Catholic priest and researcher. De Marchi spent seven years in Fátima, from 1943 to 1950, conducting research and interviewing the principals at length.De Marchi, John. True Story of Fatima, Catechetical Guild Educational Society, St. Paul, Minnesota, 1956 In The Immaculate Heart (1952), De Marchi reported that, "[t]heir ranks (those present on 13 October) included believers and non-believers, pious old ladies and scoffing young men. Hundreds, from these mixed categories, have given formal testimony. Reports do vary; impressions are in minor details confused, but none to our knowledge has directly denied the visible prodigy of the sun."De Marchi 1952b: 143
De Marchi authored several books on the subject, such as The True Story of Fátima. They include a number of witness descriptions: "The sun, at one moment surrounded with scarlet flame, at another aureoled in yellow and deep purple, seemed to be in an exceedingly swift and whirling movement, at times appearing to be loosened from the sky and to be approaching the earth, strongly radiating heat." — Domingos Pinto Coelho, writing for the Catholic newspaper Ordem.De Marchi 1952b: 147 "The silver sun, enveloped in the same gauzy grey light, was seen to whirl and turn in the circle of broken clouds[...] The light turned a beautiful blue, as if it had come through the stained-glass windows of a cathedral, and spread itself over the people who knelt with outstretched hands[...] people wept and prayed with uncovered heads, in the presence of a miracle they had awaited. The seconds seemed like hours, so vivid were they." — Reporter for the Lisbon newspaper O Dia. "The sun's disc did not remain immobile. This was not the sparkling of a heavenly body, for it spun round on itself in a mad whirl when suddenly a clamor was heard from all the people. The sun, whirling, seemed to loosen itself from the firmament and advance threateningly upon the earth as if to crush us with its huge fiery weight. The sensation during those moments was terrible." — De Marchi attributes this description to Almeida Garrett, Professor of Natural Sciences at Coimbra University.De Marchi 1952b: 146 Theologian Father Stanley L. Jaki wrote that it was actually given by José Almeida Garrett, a young lawyer, and is often mistakenly attributed to his father, a professor of natural sciences at the University of Coimbra,Donal Anthony Foley. Marian Apparitions, the Bible, and the Modern World. Gracewing Publishing; 2002. . pp. 404–. named Gonçalo de Almeida Garrett.História da ciência na Universidade de Coimbra: 1772–1933. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra / Coimbra University Press; 2013. . pp. 15–. "As if like a bolt from the blue, the clouds were wrenched apart, and the sun at its zenith appeared in all its splendor. It began to revolve vertiginously on its axis, like the most magnificent firewheel that could be imagined, taking on all the colors of the rainbow and sending forth multicolored flashes of light, producing the most astounding effect. This sublime and incomparable spectacle, which was repeated three distinct times, lasted for about ten minutes. The immense multitude, overcome by the evidence of such a tremendous prodigy, threw themselves on their knees." — Manuel Nunes Formigão, a professor at the seminary at Santarém, and a priest.