Events Pre-1600 324 – Battle of Adrianople: Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. 987 – Hugh Capet is crowned King of France, the first of the Capetian dynasty that would rule France until the French Revolution in 1792. 1035 – William the Conqueror becomes the Duke of Normandy, reigning until 1087. 1450 – Jack Cade and his followers enter London unhindered by the government of king Henry VI. 1535 – Diego de Almagro leaves the recently conquered Inca capital of Cuzco to lead an expedition to Chile.
1601–1900 1608 – Québec City is founded by Samuel de Champlain. 1754 – French and Indian War: George Washington surrenders Fort Necessity to French forces. 1767 – Pitcairn Island is discovered by Midshipman Robert Pitcairn on an expeditionary voyage commanded by Philip Carteret. 1767 – Norway's oldest newspaper still in print, Adresseavisen, is founded and the first edition is published. 1775 – American Revolutionary War: George Washington takes command of the Continental Army at Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1778 – American Revolutionary War: The Iroquois, allied with Britain, massacre 360 Patriot soldiers during the Battle of Wyoming. 1814 – War of 1812: American forces capture Fort Erie from British troops in Upper Canada. 1819 – The Bank for Savings in the City of New-York, the first savings bank in the United States, opens. 1839 – The first state normal school in the United States, the forerunner to today's Framingham State University, opens in Lexington, Massachusetts with three students. 1848 – Governor-General Peter von Scholten emancipates all remaining slaves in the Danish West Indies. 1849 – France invades the Roman Republic and restores the Papal States. 1852 – Congress establishes the United States' 2nd mint in San Francisco. 1863 – American Civil War: The final day of the Battle of Gettysburg culminates with Pickett's Charge. 1866 – Austro-Prussian War is decided at the Battle of Königgrätz, enabling Prussia to exclude Austria from German affairs. 1884 – Dow Jones & Company publishes its first stock average. 1886 – Karl Benz officially unveils the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, the first purpose-built automobile. 1886 – The New-York Tribune becomes the first newspaper to use a linotype machine, eliminating typesetting by hand. 1890 – Idaho is admitted as the 43rd U.S. state. 1898 – A Spanish squadron, led by Pascual Cervera y Topete, is defeated by an American squadron under William T. Sampson in the Battle of Santiago de Cuba.;
1901–present 1908 – Start of the Young Turk Revolution in the Ottoman Empire, forcing Sultan Abdul Hamid II leads to restore the Constitution of 1876 and reconvene the parliament. 1913 – Confederate veterans at the Great Reunion of 1913 reenact Pickett's Charge; upon reaching the high-water mark of the Confederacy they are met by the outstretched hands of friendship from Union survivors. 1938 – World speed record for a steam locomotive is set in England, by the Mallard, which reaches a speed of . 1938 – United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt dedicates the Eternal Light Peace Memorial and lights the eternal flame at Gettysburg Battlefield. 1940 – World War II: The Royal Navy attacks the French naval squadron in Algeria, to ensure that it will not fall under German control. Of the four French battleships present, one is sunk, two are damaged, and one escapes back to France. 1944 – World War II: The Minsk Offensive clears German troops from the city. 1952 – The Constitution of Puerto Rico is approved by the United States Congress. 1952 – The sets sail on her maiden voyage to Southampton. During the voyage, the ship takes the Blue Riband away from the . 1967 – The Aden Emergency: The Battle of the Crater in which the British Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders retake the Crater district following the Arab Police mutiny. 1970 – The Troubles: The "Falls Curfew" begins in Belfast, Northern Ireland. 1970 – Dan-Air Flight 1903 crashes into the Les Agudes mountain in the Montseny Massif near the village of Arbúcies in Catalonia, Spain, killing all 112 people aboard. 1973 – David Bowie retires his stage persona Ziggy Stardust with the surprise announcement that it is "the last show that we'll ever do" on the last day of the Ziggy Stardust Tour. 1979 – U.S. President Jimmy Carter signs the first directive for secret aid to the opponents of the pro-Soviet regime in Kabul. 1988 – United States Navy warship shoots down Iran Air Flight 655 over the Persian Gulf, killing all 290 people aboard. 1988 – The Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge in Istanbul, Turkey is completed, providing the second connection between the continents of Europe and Asia over the Bosphorus. 1996 – British Prime Minister John Major announced the Stone of Scone would be returned to Scotland. 2006 – The Valencia Metro derailment kills 41 people. 2013 – President of Egypt Mohamed Morsi is removed from office by the military after four days of protests all over the country calling for his resignation, to which he did not respond. The president of the Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt, Adly Mansour, is declared acting president until further elections are held.
Births Pre-1600 321 – Valentinian I, Roman emperor (died 375) 1423 – Louis XI, King of France (died 1483) 1442 – Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado of Japan (died 1500) 1518 – Li Shizhen, Chinese physician and mineralogist (died 1593) 1530 – Claude Fauchet, French historian and author (died 1601) 1534 – Myeongjong of Joseon, Ruler of Korea (died 1567) 1550 – Jacobus Gallus, Slovenian composer (died 1591) 1569 – Thomas Richardson, English politician and judge (died 1635)
1601–1900 1683 – Edward Young, English poet, dramatist and literary critic (Night-Thoughts) (died 1765) 1685 – Sir Robert Rich, 4th Baronet, English field marshal and politician (died 1768) 1728 – Robert Adam, Scottish-English architect, designed Culzean Castle (died 1792) 1738 – John Singleton Copley, American painter (died 1815) 1778 – Carl Ludvig Engel, German architect (died 1840) 1789 – Johann Friedrich Overbeck, German-Italian painter and engraver (died 1869) 1814 – Ferdinand Didrichsen, Danish botanist and physicist (died 1887) 1823 – Ahmed Vefik Pasha, Greek-Ottoman statesman, diplomat, playwright, and translator (died 1891) 1844 – Dankmar Adler, German-born American architect and engineer (died 1900) 1846 – Achilles Alferaki, Russian composer and politician, Governor of Taganrog (died 1919) 1851 – Charles Bannerman, English-Australian cricketer and umpire (died 1930) 1854 – Leoš Janáček, Czech composer and theorist (died 1928) 1860 – Charlotte Perkins Gilman, American sociologist and author (died 1935) 1866 – Albert Gottschalk, Danish painter (died 1906) 1869 – Svend Kornbeck, Danish actor (died 1933) 1870 – R. B. Bennett, Canadian lawyer and politician, 11th Prime Minister of Canada (died 1947) 1871 – William Henry Davies, Welsh poet and writer (died 1940) 1874 – Jean Collas, French rugby player and tug of war competitor (died 1928) 1875 – Ferdinand Sauerbruch, German surgeon and academic (died 1951) 1876 – Ralph Barton Perry, American philosopher and academic (died 1957) 1878 – George M. Cohan, American songwriter, actor, singer, and dancer (died 1942) 1879 – Alfred Korzybski, Polish-American mathematician, linguist, and philosopher (died 1950) 1880 – Carl Schuricht, Polish-German conductor (died 1967) 1883 – Franz Kafka, Czech-Austrian author (died 1924) 1885 – Anna Dickie Olesen, American politician (died 1971) 1886 – Raymond A. Spruance, American admiral and diplomat, United States Ambassador to the Philippines (died 1969) 1888 – Ramón Gómez de la Serna, Spanish author and playwright (died 1963) 1889 – Richard Cramer, American actor (died 1960) 1893 – Sándor Bortnyik, Hungarian painter and graphic designer (died 1976) 1896 – Doris Lloyd, English actress (died 1968) 1897 – Jesse Douglas, American mathematician and academic (died 1965) 1898 – Stefanos Stefanopoulos, Greek politician, Prime Minister of Greece (died 1982) 1900 – Alessandro Blasetti, Italian director and screenwriter (died 1987)
1901–present 1901 – Ruth Crawford Seeger, American composer (died 1953) 1903 – Ace Bailey, Canadian ice hockey player and coach (died 1992) 1905 – Johnny Gibson, American hurdler and coach (died 2006) 1905 – Harald Kihle, Norwegian painter and illustrator (died 1997) 1906 – George Sanders, Russian-born British actor (died 1972) 1908 – M. F. K. Fisher, American author (died 1992) 1908 – Robert B. Meyner, American lawyer and politician, 44th Governor of New Jersey (died 1990) 1909 – Stavros Niarchos, Greek shipping magnate (died 1996) 1910 – Fritz Kasparek, Austrian mountaineer (died 1954) 1911 – Joe Hardstaff Jr., English cricketer (died 1990) 1913 – Dorothy Kilgallen, American journalist, actress, and author (died 1965) 1916 – John Kundla, American basketball player and coach (died 2017) 1917 – João Saldanha, Brazilian footballer, manager, and journalist (died 1990) 1918 – S. V. Ranga Rao, Indian actor, director, and producer (died 1974) 1918 – Johnny Palmer, American golfer (died 2006) 1919 – Cecil FitzMaurice, 8th Earl of Orkney (died 1998) 1919 – Gerald W. Thomas, American soldier and academic (died 2013) 1920 – Eddy Paape, Belgian illustrator (died 2012) 1920 – Paul O'Dea, American baseball player and manager (died 1978) 1920 – Lennart Bladh, Swedish politician (died 2006) 1921 – Flor María Chalbaud, First Lady of Venezuela (died 2013) 1921 – Susan Peters, American actress (died 1952) 1921 – François Reichenbach, French director, producer, and screenwriter (died 1993) 1922 – Guillaume Cornelis van Beverloo, Belgian painter and sculptor (died 2010) 1922 – Theo Brokmann Jr., Dutch football player (died 2003) 1924 – Amalia Aguilar, Cuban-Mexican film actress and dancer (died 2021) 1924 – S. R. Nathan, 6th President of Singapore (died 2016) 1925 – Terry Moriarty, Australian rules footballer (died 2011) 1925 – Danny Nardico, American professional boxer (died 2010) 1925 – Philip Jamison, American artist (died 2021) 1926 – Johnny Coles, American trumpet player (died 1997) 1926 – Rae Allen, American actress, singer, and director (died 2022) 1926 – Laurence Street, Australian jurist and former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales (died 2018) 1927 – Ken Russell, English actor, director, and producer (died 2011) 1927 – Tim O'Connor, American actor (died 2018) 1928 – Evelyn Anthony, English author (died 2018) 1929 – Clément Perron, Canadian director, producer, and screenwriter (died 1999) 1929 – Joanne Herring, American socialite, businesswoman, political activist, philanthropist, diplomat, and television talk show host 1930 – Pete Fountain, American clarinet player (died 2016) 1930 – Carlos Kleiber, German-Austrian conductor (died 2004) 1930 – Tommy Tedesco, American guitarist (died 1997) 1932 – Richard Mellon Scaife, American businessman (died 2014) 1933 – Edward Brandt, Jr., American physician and mathematician (died 2007) 1935 – Cheo Feliciano, Puerto Rican-American singer-songwriter (died 2014) 1935 – Harrison Schmitt, American geologist, astronaut, and politician. Twelfth man to walk on the moon. 1936 – Anthony Lester, Baron Lester of Herne Hill, English lawyer and politician (died 2020) 1936 – Baard Owe, Norwegian-Danish actor (died 2017) 1937 – Nicholas Maxwell, English philosopher and academic (died 2025) 1937 – Tom Stoppard, Czech-English playwright and screenwriter (died 2025) 1938 – Jean Aitchison, English linguist and academic 1938 – Rhoda Scott, American soul and jazz Hammond organist 1938 – Sjaak Swart, Dutch footballer 1939 – Brigitte Fassbaender, German soprano and director 1939 – László Kovács, Hungarian politician and diplomat, Hungarian Minister of Foreign Affairs 1939 – Coco Laboy, Puerto Rican baseball player 1940 – Lamar Alexander, American lawyer and politician, 5th United States Secretary of Education 1940 – Fontella Bass, American R&B and soul singer (died 2012)