This is a complete list of khans of the Ulus of Jochi, better known by its later Russian designation as the Golden Horde, in its right (west) wing and left (east) wing divisions known as the Blue Horde and White Horde,These color references in most English-language scholarship are based on earlier works that were dependent on Persian sources, which inverted the color labels used by the arguably more relevant Turkish sources. See May 2016 and May 2018: 282–283. and of its main successor state during a period of disintegration, known as the Great Horde. Khans of the Blue Horde are listed as the principal rulers of the Golden Horde, although many late rulers of the Golden Horde originated from the subordinate White Horde. Following the general convention, the list encompasses the period from the death of Genghis Khan in 1227 to the sack of Sarai by the Crimean Khanate in 1502.Compare the (incomplete) list in Bosworth 1996: 252–254. The chronological and genealogical information is often incomplete and contradictory; annotation can be found in the secondary lists in the second part of the article, and in the individual articles on specific monarchs.
Western Half (Blue Horde)Ulus of Batu Eastern Half (White Horde)Ulus of OrdaJochi As deputy of Genghis Khan in Central and Western Asiac. 1207–1227 C.E.Golden Horde (Ulus of Jochi, Khanate of Qipchāq or Kipchak) 1227–1459 C.E.Batu KhanAs overall Khan1227–1255 C.E.Orda Khan 1227–1251 C.E.Sartaq KhanAs overall Khan1255–1256 C.E.Qun Quran 1251–1280 C.E.Ulaqchi Khan As overall Khan1256–1257 C.E. Berke Khan As overall Khan1257–1266 C.E. Möngke Temür As overall Khan1266–1280 C.E.Töde Möngke As overall Khan1280–1287 C.E.Köchü 1280–1302 C.E.Töle Buqa As overall Khan1287–1291 C.E.Toqta As overall Khan1291–1312 C.E.Buyan or Bayan Khan 1302–1309 C.E.Muhammad Uzbeg Khan As overall Khan1313–1341 C.E.Sasibuqa Khan c. 1310–1320 C.E.(dubious)Erzen 1320–1341 C.E.(dubious)Tīnī Beg As overall Khan1341–1342 C.E.Jānī Beg As overall Khan1342–1357 C.E.Chimtay 1344–1360 C.E.(dubious)Berdi Beg As overall Khan1357–1359 C.E.Qulpa Khan As overall Khan1359–1360 C.E.Nawrūz Beg As overall Khan1360 C.E.Khiḍr Khan 1360–1361 C.E.Qara Nogai1360–1361 C.E.Tīmūr Khwāja 1361 C.E.Ordu Malik (Ordu Shaykh) 1361 C.E.Kildi Beg 1361–1362 C.E.ʿAbdallāh Khan As a puppet Khan under Mamai1362 C.E. 1st reign at SaraiMurād 1362 C.E.Khayr Pūlād (Mīr Pūlād) 1362–1364 C.E.Tughluq Tīmūr 1363–c. 1365 C.E.ʿAzīz Shaykh 1364–1367 C.E.Mubārak Khwāja c. 1365–1369 C.E.ʿAbdallāh Khan As a puppet Khan under Mamai1367–1368 C.E. 2nd reign at SaraiŪljāy Tīmūr 1368 C.E.Haṣan Beg 1368–1369 C.E.ʿAbdallāh Khan As a puppet Khan under Mamai1369 C.E. 3rd reign at SaraiQutluq Khwāja1369–1370 C.E.Urus Khan 1369–1370 C.E.Tūlūn Beg Khānum As a puppet Queen under Mamai1370–1371 C.E.Muḥammad-Sulṭān As a puppet Khan under Mamai1371–1373 C.E. 1st reign at SaraiUrus Khan 1373 C.E.Hājjī Cherkes 1373–1374 C.E.Urus Khan 1373–1374 C.E.Īl Beg 1374 C.E.Muḥammad-Sulṭān As a puppet Khan under Mamai 1374 C.E. 2nd reign at SaraiUrus Khan 1374–1375 C.E.Qāghān Beg 1375–1377 C.E.Urus Khan 1375–1377 C.E.ʿArab Shāh 1377–1380 C.E.Toqtaqiya 1377 C.E.Tīmūr Malik 1377–1379 C.E.Tokhtamysh 1379–1380 C.E.Tokhtamysh As Khan1380–1395 C.E.Quyurchuq 1395–1397 C.E.Tīmūr Qutluq Khan in alliance with Edigu1397–1399 C.E.Shādī Beg Khan in alliance with Edigu1399–1407 C.E.Pūlād Khan Khan in alliance with Edigu1407–1409 C.E. 1st reign at SaraiKarīm Berdi 1409 C.E. 1st reign at SaraiPūlād Khan Khan in alliance with Edigu1409–1410 C.E. 2nd reign at SaraiTīmūr Khan Khan in alliance with Edigu1410–1411 C.E.Jalāl ad-Din Zeleni Saltan 1411–1412 C.E.Karīm Berdi 1412–1413 C.E. 2nd reign at SaraiKebek 1413–1414 C.E.Karīm Berdi 1414 C.E. 3rd reign at SaraiJabbār Berdi 1414–1415 C.E. 1st reign at SaraiChekre Khan in alliance with Edigu1415–1416 C.E.Jabbār Berdi 1416–1417 C.E. 2nd reign at SaraiDarwīsh a puppet Khan of Edigu1417–1419 C.E.Qādir Berdi 1419 C.E.Ḥājjī Muḥammad a puppet Khan of Edigu's sons1419 C.E.*Ulugh Muḥammad 1419–1421 C.E.*Dawlat Berdi 1419–1421 C.E.Barāq Khan (His son Jani Beg Khan along with Kerey Khan founded the Kazakh Khanate in 1456) 1421–1427 C.E.Ulugh Muḥammad (Founded the Kazan Khanate in 1438) 1427–1433 C.E.Sayyid Aḥmad I 1433–1435 C.E.Küchük Muḥammad 1435–1459 C.E.Golden Horde broke up as follows: 1438, Kazan Khanate under Ulugh Muhammad; 1441, Crimean Khanate under Hacı I Giray; Qasim Khanate (1452). The remnant, which became known as the Great Horde, was left with the steppe between the Dnieper and Yaik, the capital Sarai and a claim to represent the tradition of the Golden Horde.Great Horde 1459–1502 C.E.Maḥmūd (Founded the Khanate of Astrakhan in 1466) 1459–1465 C.E.Aḥmad 1465–1481 C.E.Shaykh Aḥmad 1481–1502 C.EThe Great Horde collapsed gradually and territories became independent Khanates; 1466, Astrakhan Khanate under one of Kuchuk Muhammed's sons named Mahmud bin Küchük; Tyumen Khanate (1468, later Siberia Khanate).
Secondary list with short biographies
The following is a detailed annotated list intended mainly as an index to the linked articles. It is based primarily on Baumer 2016,Baumer 2016: 262–273. Gaev 2002, Grigor'ev 1983, Howorth 1880,Howorth 1880: 25–349. This is the most detailed account of the history of the Golden Horde in English, but it is very dated. The sources and scholarship available to Howorth were very limited by present standards, and the work should be used with caution, especially for the obscure and confused events after 1359. Počekaev 2010, and Sabitov 2008 and 2014. Name forms, encountered in much variation and inconsistency, are standardized on the basis of Biran 1997 and Bosworth 1996.
Western half of the Golden Horde (1226–1362) 1 Chinggis Khan 1206–1227, founded Mongol empire, got about as far as the Volga The generals Subutai and Jebe 1219–1223 led raid clockwise around the Caspian, defeated Rus at Battle of Kalka River 2 Jochi c. 1208–1227, 1st son of Genghis Khan (1), given west, predeceased father, ancestor of the khans of the Golden Horde.Howorth 1880: 25–36; Počekaev 2010: 358, 370; May 2018: 364. 3 Batu Khan 28Y, 1227–1255, son of Jochi (2), 1236–42 conquered Russia and Ukraine, c 1250 founded capital Sarai on lower Volga.Howorth 1880: 36–91; Sabitov 2008: 283; Počekaev 2010: 10–15, 358, 370; May 2018: 364. 3a Orda Khan, elder brother of Batu (3), held east, see A below. 3b Shiban ?–?, younger brother of Batu (3), held area north of Aral/Caspian between Batu and Orda, descendants (Shaybanids) important. 3c Tuqa-Timur ?–?, younger brother of Batu (3), descendants (Tuqa-Timurids) important. 4 Sartaq Khan 1Y, 1256–1257, son of Batu (3), most of short reign spent travelling to great khan in Mongolia.Howorth 1880: 91–93; Sabitov 2008: 283; Počekaev 2010: 15–16, 358, 370; May 2018: 364. 5 Ulaghchi, 1257, brother (less likely son) of Sartaq (4), 10 years old.Howorth 1880: 93; Počekaev 2010: 16, 358, 370 considers him a son of Sartaq; Sabitov 2015: 52. 6 Berke 9Y, 1257–1266, younger brother of Batu (3), clashed with Hulagu Khan of Persia and allied with Mamluks, died while fighting Hulagu's son, first Muslim khan but did not enforce conversion to Islam.Howorth 1880: 103–125; Sabitov 2008: 283; Počekaev 2010: 15–33, 358–359, 370; May 2018: 364. 7 Möngke Temür 14Y, 1266–1280, son of Toghan, son of Batu (3), non-Muslim, established trade with Genoese at Kaffa; effectively autonomous from the great khan Qubilai from 1269.Howorth 1880: 125–134; Počekaev 2010: 34–46, 359–360, 370; Sabitov 2008: 283; May 2018: 364. 7a Nogai Khan c. 1266–1299, son of Bo'al, son of Tatar, 7th son of Jochi (2); under Batu guarded western frontier, invaded Poland, helped Berke (6) fight Hulagu, 1265 invaded Balkans, 1266 possibly a de facto ruler west of the Dnieper, c. 1280 killed Bulgarian emperor, 1285 he and Talabuga invaded Hungary, 1287 raided Poland, then Circassia, killed in battle by Toqta (10), son fled to Bulgaria, sometimes considered its emperor.Počekaev 2010: 47–71; 359–361, 370; May 2018: 364 8 Töde Möngke 7Y, 1280–1287, brother of Mengu-Timur (7), pious Muslim, weak, removed by Talabuga likely with assistance of Nogai.Howorth 1880: 135–137 wrongly assumes he reigned longer; Sabitov 2008: 283; Počekaev 2010: 59–62; 360, 370; May 2018: 364. 9 Talabuga Khan 4Y, 1287–1291, son of Tartu, the brother of Mengu-Timur (7), overthrew Töde Möngke and fought alongside Nogai. Asserted himself, raided Lithuania, Poland, and Circassia, and put down the Rostov uprising. Ultimately assassinated by men of Nogai (10).Howorth 1880: 137–141 wrongly assumes he was a regent or subordinate ruler; Sabitov 2008: 283; Počekaev 2010: 62–65, 360, 370; May 2018: 364. 10 Toqta 23Y, 1291–1312, the son of Mengu-Timur (7), installed by Nogai, 1300 killed Nogai, quarreled with Genoese at Kaffa.Howorth 1880: 141–148; Sabitov 2008: 283; Počekaev 2010: 65–87, 360–361, 370; May 2018: 364. 11 Öz Beg 27Y, 1314–1341, son of Toghrilcha, the son of Mengu-Timur (7), first to actively support Islam, fought and made peace with Persia, appointed Ivan Kalita chief tax collector.Howorth 1880: 148–172; Sabitov 2008: 283; Počekaev 2010: 88–107, 361–362, 370; May 2018: 364. 12 Tīnī Beg 1Y, 1341–1342, son of Öz Beg (11), killed by Jani Beg (13).Howorth 1880: 173; Sabitov 2008: 283; Počekaev 2010: 108–109, 362, 370; May 2018: 364. 13 Jānī Beg 15Y, 1342–1357, brother of Tini Beg (12), lost land in the west, took Tabriz, his 1347 siege of Kaffa spread the black death to Europe.Howorth 1880: 173–179; Sabitov 2008: 283; Počekaev 2010: 108–119, 362–363, 370; May 2018: 364. The Black Death would have impacted the steppe about this time, but there are few records. 14 Berdi Beg 2Y, 1357–1359, son and possibly murderer of Jānī Beg (13), eliminated his close kinsmen, murdered? End of the Line of Batu (3).Howorth 1880: 179–181; Sabitov 2008: 284; Počekaev 2010: 119–120, 363, 370 thinks some princes survived Berdi Beg's purge; May 2018: 364. 15 Qulpa 1Y, 1359–1360, possibly pretended son of Jānī Beg (13), murdered.Howorth 1880: 181 partly outdated; Sabitov 2008: 284; Počekaev 2010: 123, 363, 370. 16 Nawrūz Beg (= ? Bazarchi) 1360 pretended son of Öz Beg (11) or Jānī Beg (13), killed.Howorth 1880: 182 partly outdated; Sabitov 2008: 284; Počekaev 2010: 123–124, 363, 370. 17 Khiḍr Khan, 1360–1361, son of Mangqutay, the son of Tula-Buqa, the son of Qadaq, the son Shiban (3b), murdered.Howorth 1880: 195–198, partly outdated; Sabitov 2008: 284; Počekaev 2010: 123–124, 363, 371; May 2018: 364. 18 Tīmūr Khwāja, 1361, son and murderer of Khiḍr Khan (17), killed.Sabitov 2008: 284; Počekaev 2010: 124–125, 363, 371 with slightly different chronology (after Ordu Malik); May 2018: 364. "Great Disorder" 1361–1380, period of chronic civil war among contending factions. According to Baumer between Berdi Beg and Tokhtamiysh there were 19 khans, at least 8 puppets of Mamai. In reality, only 4 rulers were Mamai's protégés. Warlord Mamai 1361–1380/1381 started in Crimea, supported various khans, occasionally asserting control over capital Sarai, lost territory to Lithuania, Moscow stopped paying tribute, 1380 defeated by Russians at the Battle of Kulikovo, same year defeated by Tokhtamysh, fled to the Crimea and was eventually eliminated by Tokhtamysh's agents.Počekaev 2010: 121–141, 363–364, 370, 373. 19 Ordu Malik, 1361, probably son of Īl-Tūtār, the son of Dānishmand, the son of Bayan, the son of Tuqa-Timur (3c); murdered.Sabitov 2008: 284; Počekaev 2010: 124–125, 363, 372 with slightly different chronology (before Tīmūr Khwāja). 20 Kildi Beg, 1361–1362, pretended son of Jānī Beg (13); killed.Počekaev 2010: 125–126, 363.
"Sarai Horde" (Right bank of the Volga) (1362–1399) (Chronology according to Grigor'ev 1983) 21G ʿAbdallāh = 21M, 1362, probably the son of Minkasar, the son of Abay, the son of Kay-Timur, the son of Tuqa-Timur (3c); protégé of Mamai, expelled.Gaev 2002: 23–25, 54; Počekaev 2010: 126–130, 363–364, 370 with different hypothetical genealogy.