In old Germanic culture, a galder (; , galdor, ; ; , ), among other forms in old Germanic languages, refers to a spell or incantation; these were usually performed in combination with certain rites.The article Galder in Nationalencyklopedin (1992)

During the Middle Ages, the term galder often became synonymous with "witchcraft" and "magic" as a whole.

It was performed by both women and men. Some scholars have proposed they chanted it in falsetto ().The article galder in Henrikson A., Törngren D. and Hansson L. (1998). Stora mythologiska uppslagsboken.

Etymology Proto-West Germanic Proto-North Germanic , ,

English: galder (learned) , ,

Old West Norse: Classical Old Norse:

Old East Norse: Old Danish: galder (learned) Old Swedish: galder (), gallir

Galder essentially equates to "gale-der", or "yell-der", denoting something of galing (yelling, crying, singing). Descendants are derived from a reconstructed Proto-Germanic *galdraz, meaning a song or incantation. The terms are also related by the removal of an Indo-European -tro suffix to the verbs and , Modern English gale, both derived from Proto-Germanic *galaną, meaning to sing or cast a spell. In Old High German the suffix produced instead.

The German forms were Old High German and Middle High German "song, enchantment".Konrad von Ammenhausen Schachzabelbuch 167b

The Modern Scandinavian word for "crazy" (, , ) is a derivative of the same root as galder, and originally referred to someone whose mind has been distorted by a spell. Other related descendants of these words are, ("to sing, call out, yell"), ("to yell, crowing of a rooster"), the latter component of English nightingale (from ), related to , the verb ancestral to Modern English yell, also cognate with Dutch ("to yell, scream").

Derivatives Various derivatives of galder exist, often terms for witch: – , Old Swedish: galderkona, gallirkona – –

Attestations Old Norse Some incantations were composed in a special meter named . This meter was similar to the six-lined , also used for ritual, but added at least one more C-line.The article Galdralag in Nationalencyklopedin (1992) Diverse runic inscriptions suggest informal impromptu methods. Another characteristic is a performed parallelism, see the stanza from Skirnismál, below.

A practical galder for women was one that made childbirth easier,Steinsland, G. & Meulengracht Sørensen 1998:72 but they were also notably used for bringing madness onto another person, whence modern Swedish meaning "mad", derived from the verb gala ('to sing, perform a galder'). Moreover, a master of the craft was also said to be able to raise storms, make distant ships sink, make swords blunt, make armour soft and decide victory or defeat in battles. Examples of this can be found in Grógaldr and in Frithiof's Saga. In Grógaldr, Gróa chants nine (a significant number in Norse mythology) galders to aid her son, and in Buslubœn, the schemes of king Ring of Östergötland are averted.The article galder in Nordisk familjebok (1908).

It is also mentioned in several of the poems in the Poetic Edda, and for instance in Hávamál, where Odin claims to know 18 galders. For instance, Odin mastered galders against fire, sword edges, arrows, fetters and storms, and he could conjure up the dead and speak to them.Schön 2004:86 There are other references in Skírnismál, where Skirnir uses galders to force Gerðr to marry Freyr as exemplified by the following stanza:

A notable reference to the use of galders is the eddic poem Oddrúnargrátr, where Borgny could not give birth before Oddrún had chanted "biting galders" (but they are translated as potent charms, by Henry Adams Bellows below):

Old English In Beowulf, are used to protect the dragon's hoard that was buried in a barrow:

Signed galders Runic galders

During the Viking Age, there exist finds of galders written in runes, so-called runic galders (), in addition to other forms of runic magic. Runic galders are found, among other things, written down on (), or on (), such as the one on the 12th century (Vg 216).

The Högstena runic galder roughly goes: Runic Swedish:Translation: (I) practice witchcraft against the spirit, against the walking (spirit), against the riding, against the running, against the sitting, against the sinking, against the travelling, against the flying. Everything shall lose its vitality and die.

Galder letters In Medieval Scandinavia, a drawn or written spell or incantation was called a "galder letter" (Old Swedish: galdra breff, , roughly "written spell"). Such, intended to make the holder invulnerable, especially against cuts and thrusts, could be worn as an amulet and was called a "sword letter" (Old Swedish: swærdhbref, ; Old Danish: sværdbrev, , ; ). Such could be worn around the neck, in a pocket, or in the hilt of a sword. Danish renaissance era sources mentions such using both regular and runic letters, as well as symbols, and could also be used against various illness and misfortune.

This type of signed galder was later banned or spoken against of, especially with the Reformation, which spoke against the use of symbolism and other wordly ojects for supernatural aid. An excerpt from the manuscript Själens tröst (Old Swedish: Sjælinna Thrøst), written around 1430, says the following:

In 1526, Dane Poul Helgesen, translated some of Martin Luther's writings, and where Luther spoke out against the use of letters for supernatural protection, Helgesen used the term sword letter.

Galder sigils

There exist records from the 16th century of Icelandic Medieval magic sigils called "galder staves" (, roughly "incantation staves"), today commonly referred to as Icelandic magical staves in English. Such are popular with neopagans and New Age folk.

Famous examples includes the Ægishjálmur and Vegvísir.

See also Grógaldr Runic magic Icelandic magical staves Seiðr Dharani

Notes

Bibliography Schön, Ebbe. (2004). Asa-Tors hammare, Gudar och jättar i tro och tradition. Fält & Hässler, Värnamo. . Steinsland, G. & Meulengracht Sørensen, P. (1998): Människor och makter i vikingarnas värld. .