Summit (meeting)

A summit or summit meeting is an international meeting of heads of state or government, usually with considerable media exposure, tight security, and a prearranged agenda.

Notable summit meetings include those of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin during World War II, although the term summit was not commonly used for such meetings until the 1955 Geneva Summit. Following World War II, the Cold War saw American presidents join up with either Soviet or Chinese leaders for one-on-one meetings, which saw the media label these events off as a summit. The post–Cold War era has produced an increase in the number of events described as summits. Since then, international summits are now the most common expression for global governance. Summit diplomacy fosters interpersonal trust between leaders and reinforces system trust in the state-as-person construct, which is identified as the implicit glue holding the international system together.

Notable summits

Allied World War II conferences

U.S.–British Staff Conference (ABC–1) (January 29 – March 27, 1941) Atlantic Conference (August 9–12, 1941) Moscow Conference (September 29 – October 1, 1941) Arcadia Conference (December 22, 1941 – January 14, 1942) Second Washington Conference (June 20–25, 1942) Second Moscow Conference (August 12–19, 1942) Cherchell Conference (October 21–22, 1942) Casablanca Conference (January 14–24, 1943) Bermuda Conference (April 19, 1943) Third Washington Conference (May 12–27, 1943) Quebec Conference (August 17–24, 1943) Third Moscow Conference (October 18 – November 1, 1945) Cairo Conference (November 22–26, 1943) Tehran Conference (November 28 – December 1, 1943) Second Cairo Conference (December 4–6, 1943) Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference (May 1–16, 1944) United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference (Bretton Woods) (July 1–15, 1944) Dumbarton Oaks Conference (August 21–29, 1944) Second Quebec Conference (September 12–16, 1944) Fourth Moscow Conference (October 9, 1944) Malta Conference (January 30 – February 2, 1945) Yalta Conference (February 4–11, 1945) United Nations Conference on International Organization (April 25 – June 26, 1945) Potsdam Conference (July 17 – August 2, 1945)

Soviet Union–United States summits

Geneva Summit (July 18–23, 1955) Washington and Camp David Summit (September 15, 26–27, 1959) Paris Summit (May 16–17, 1960) Vienna Summit (June 3–4, 1961) Glassboro Summit Conference (June 23 and 25, 1967) Moscow Summit (SALT I) (May 22–30, 1972) Washington Summit (June 18–25, 1973) Moscow Summit (June 28 – July 3, 1974) Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control (November 23–24, 1974) Helsinki Summit (July 30 and August 2, 1975) Vienna Summit (SALT II) (June 15–18, 1979) Geneva Summit (November 19–21, 1985) Reykjavík Summit (October 10–12, 1986) Washington Summit (December 7–10, 1987) Moscow Summit (May 29 – June 1, 1988) Governors Island Summit (December 7, 1988) Malta Summit (December 2–3, 1989) Washington Summit (May 30 – June 3, 1990) Helsinki Summit (September 9, 1990) Paris Summit (November 19, 1990) London Summit (July 17, 1991) Moscow Summit (START I) (July 30–31, 1991) Madrid Summit (October 29–30, 1991)

Russia–United States summits

1993 – Moscow Summit (START II) 1998 – Moscow Summit 2001 – Slovenia Summit 2001 2002 – Moscow Summit (SORT) 2005 – Slovakia Summit 2005 2018 – Russia–United States summit 2021 – Russia–United States summit 2025 – Russia–United States summit

African Union summits

2014 – United States–Africa Leaders Summit 2014 2019 – 2019 Russia–Africa Summit 2022 – United States–Africa Leaders Summit 2022 2023 – 2023 Russia–Africa Summit 2024 – 2024 Italy–Africa Summit 2024 – 2024 South Korea–Africa Summit

Arab League summits

1974 – Rabat summit conference

2002 – Beirut Summit

Earth Summits

1992 – Earth Summit, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 2002 – Earth Summit, Johannesburg, South Africa, 2012 – Earth Summit, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

G–summits Group of Six (G6), heads of government 1975 – 1st G6 summit, Château de Rambouillet

Group of Seven (G7), heads of government

1976 – 2nd G7 summit, San Juan 1977 – 3rd G7 summit, London 1978 – 4th G7 summit, Bonn 1979 – 5th G7 summit, Tokyo 1980 – 6th G7 summit, Venice 1981 – 7th G7 summit, Montebello 1982 – 8th G7 summit, Versailles 1983 – 9th G7 summit, Williamsburg 1984 – 10th G7 summit, London 1985 – 11th G7 summit, Bonn 1986 – 12th G7 summit, Tokyo 1987 – 13th G7 summit, Venice 1988 – 14th G7 summit, Toronto 1989 – 15th G7 summit, Grande Arche 1990 – 16th G7 summit, Houston 1991 – 17th G7 summit, London 1992 – 18th G7 summit, Munich 1993 – 19th G7 summit, Tokyo 1994 – 20th G7 summit, Naples 1995 – 21st G7 summit, Halifax 1996 – 22nd G7 summit, Lyon

Group of Eight (G8), heads of government

1997 – 23rd G8 summit, Denver 1998 – 24th G8 summit, Birmingham 1999 – 25th G8 summit, Cologne 2000 – 26th G8 summit, Okinawa 2001 – 27th G8 summit, Genoa 2002 – 28th G8 summit, Kananaskis, Alberta 2003 – 29th G8 summit, Évian-les-Bains 2004 – 30th G8 summit, Sea Island, Georgia 2005 – 31st G8 summit, Gleneagles 2006 – 32nd G8 summit, Saint Petersburg 2007 – 33rd G8 summit, Heiligendamm 2008 – 34th G8 summit, Tōyako 2009 – 35th G8 summit, L'Aquila, Abruzzo 2010 – 36th G8 summit, Huntsville, Ontario 2011 – 37th G8 summit, Deauville 2012 – 38th G8 summit, Camp David, Maryland 2013 – 39th G8 summit, Lough Erne in County Fermanagh

Group of Seven (G7), heads of government

2014 – 40th G7 summit, Brussels 2015 – 41st G7 summit, Schloss Elmau, Bavaria 2016 – 42nd G7 summit, Shima, Mie Prefecture 2017 – 43rd G7 summit, Taormina, Sicily 2018 – 44th G7 summit, La Malbaie, Quebec 2019 – 45th G7 summit, Biarritz, Nouvelle-Aquitaine 2021 – 47th G7 summit, Cornwall, South West England 2022 – 48th G7 summit, Schloss Elmau, Bavaria 2023 – 49th G7 summit, Hiroshima 2024 – 50th G7 summit, Fasano, Apulia 2025 – 51st G7 summit, Kananaskis, Alberta 2026 – 52nd G7 summit, Évian-les-Bains

Group of Twenty (G20), heads of government

2008 G-20 Washington summit 2009 G-20 London summit 2009 G-20 Pittsburgh summit 2010 G-20 Toronto summit 2010 G-20 Seoul summit 2011 G-20 Cannes summit 2012 G-20 Los Cabos Summit 2013 G-20 Saint Petersburg summit 2014 G-20 Brisbane summit 2015 G-20 Antalya summit 2016 G-20 Hangzhou summit 2017 G-20 Hamburg summit 2018 G-20 Buenos Aires summit 2019 G-20 Osaka summit 2020 G-20 Riyadh summit 2021 G-20 Rome summit 2022 G-20 Bali summit 2023 G-20 New Delhi summit 2024 G-20 Rio de Janeiro summit 2025 G-20 Johannesburg summit

European summits

1969 – The Hague: Foreign policy and enlargement. 1974 – Paris: Creation of the Council. 1985 – Milan: The initiating of the IGC which leads to the Single European Act. 1991 – Maastricht: Agreement on the Maastricht Treaty. 1997 – Amsterdam: Agreement on the Amsterdam Treaty. 1998 – Brussels: Selected member states to adopt the euro.

1999 – Cologne: Declaration on military forces. 1999 – Tampere: Institutional reform. 2000 – Lisbon: Lisbon Strategy. 2002 – Copenhagen: Agreement for May 2004 enlargement. 2007 – Lisbon: Agreement on the Lisbon Treaty.

European Political Community summits

2022 – 1st EPC Summit, Czechia 2023 – 2nd EPC Summit, Moldova 2023 – 3rd EPC Summit, Spain 2024 – 4th EPC Summit, United Kingdom

2024 – 5th EPC Summit, Hungary 2025 – 6th EPC Summit, Albania 2025 – 7th EPC Summit, Denmark 2026 – 8th EPC Summit, Armenia

European Union–African Union Summits 2000 – 1st European Union–African Union Summit 2007 – 2nd European Union–African Union Summit 2010 – 3rd European Union–African Union Summit 2014 – 4th European Union–African Union Summit 2017 – 5th European Union–African Union Summit 2022 – 6th European Union–African Union Summit 2025 – 7th European Union–African Union Summit

Global AI Summit series 2023 – AI Safety Summit 2023, United Kingdom 2024 – AI Seoul Summit 2024, South Korea 2025 – AI Action Summit 2025, France 2026 – India AI Impact Summit 2026, India

Inter-Korean summits

2000 – 1st Korean summit 2007 – 2nd Korean summit 2018 – April 2018 inter-Korean summit

2018 – May 2018 inter-Korean summit 2018 – September 2018 inter-Korean summit 2019 – 2019 Koreas–United States DMZ Summit

Millennium Development Goals

2000 – Millennium Summit, New York City

2005 – 2005 World Summit, New York City

Nuclear Security Summits

2010 – 2010 Nuclear Security Summit 2012 – 2012 Nuclear Security Summit

2014 – 2014 Nuclear Security Summit 2016 – 2016 Nuclear Security Summit

South American Summits

2000 – 2000 South American Summit, Brasília, Brazil 2002 – South American Summit, Guayaquil, Ecuador

2004 – 2004 South American Summit, Cuzco, Peru 2023 – 2023 South American Summit, Brasília, Brazil

Summits of the Americas

1994 – 1st Summit of the Americas at Miami in the United States. 1996—Summit of the Americas on Sustainable Development at Santa Cruz de la Sierra in Bolivia. 1998 – 2nd Summit of the Americas at Santiago in Chile. 2001 – 3rd Summit of the Americas, in Quebec City in Canada. 2004 – Monterrey Special Summit of the Americas at Monterrey in Mexico.

2005 – 4th Summit of the Americas at Mar del Plata in Argentina. 2009 – 5th Summit of the Americas at Port-of-Spain in Trinidad and Tobago. 2012 – 6th Summit of the Americas at Cartagena in Colombia. 2015 – 7th Summit of the Americas at Panama City in Panama. 2018 – 8th Summit of the Americas at Lima in Peru. 2022 – 9th Summit of the Americas at Los Angeles in the United States.

UN international conferences on Afghanistan

2001 – International Conference on Afghanistan in Bonn 2004 – International Conference on Afghanistan in Berlin 2006 – International Conference on Afghanistan in London 2007 – International Conference on the Rule of Law in Afghanistan in Rome

2008 – International Conference on Afghanistan in Paris 2009 – International Conference on Afghanistan in Moscow 2009 – International Conference on Afghanistan in The Hague 2010 – International Conference on Afghanistan in London

Miscellaneous

1335 – Congress of Visegrád 1520 – Field of the Cloth of Gold 1808 – Congress of Erfurt 1814 - 1815 – Congress of Vienna 1919 - 1920 – Paris Peace Conference 1938 – Munich Agreement 1955 – Geneva Summit 1966 – Manila Summit Conference 1967 – Glassboro Summit Conference 1978 – Camp David Accords 1985 – Shamrock Summit 1986 – Reykjavík Summit 1989 – Malta Summit 1990 – World Summit for Children 2000 – 2000 Camp David Summit 2001 – Agra Summit 2001 – Taba Summit 2003, 2005 – World Summit on the Information Society 2005 – Sharm el-Sheikh Summit of 2005 2015 – Valletta Summit on Migration 2017 – 2017 Riyadh summit 2018 – 2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit 2019 – 2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit 2022 – 2022 China-Arab States Summit 2023 – 2023 France-China Summit 2023 – 2023 Brazil–China Summit 2024 – June 2024 Ukraine peace summit 2025 – 2025 European Union–Central Asia summit 2025 – August 2025 White House multilateral meeting on Ukraine 2025 – Gaza peace summit 2026 – Shield of the Americas Summit 2026 – International Space Summit

Summit (meeting)

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