The Latin term praetorium (also and ) originally identified the tent of a general within a Roman castrum (encampment), and derived from the title praetor, which identified a Roman magistrate.Smith, William. Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, 2 ed., s.v. "Praetorium". London: John Murray, 1872. Originally, praetor ("leader") was the title of the ranking civil servant in the Roman Republic, but later identified a rank of office below the rank of consul.
The war-council meetings held in the tent of a general gave administrative and juridical meanings to the term praetorium, a usage continued into the Byzantine Empire, where the term identified the residence of the governor of a city. The term also designated the headquarters of the Roman emperor, as well as the camp of the Praetorian Guard stationed in Rome.
Description Due to the number of uses for the word praetorium, it is difficult to describe; a praetorium could be a large building, a permanent tent, or in some cases even be mobile.
Exterior Since the praetorium originated as the officer's quarters it could be a tent, but was often a large structure. The important design aspect of the praetorium is not symmetry, but rather proportion of one element to another.Evans, Edith . "Military Architects and Building Design in Roman Britain". Britannia 25 (1994): 159–161. The praetorium was constructed around two open courts, which correspond to the atrium and peristyle of the Roman house. Most praetoriums had areas surrounding them delegated for exercise and drills conducted by the troops. The area ahead of the camp would be occupied by the tents housing the commander's soldiers.Shipley, F. W. "The Saalburg Collection". The Classical Weekly Vol. 2. No. 13 (1909): 100–102.Frere, S. S., M. W. C. Hassall, and R. S. O. Tomlin. "Roman Britain in 1988". Britannia Vol. 20 (1989): 257–345.Walthew, C. V. "Modular Planning in First-Century A.D. Romano-British Auxiliary Forts". Britannia Vol. 36 (2005): 301. They were made with brick, covered in plaster, with many arches and columns.
Interior
Within the praetorium Roman officers would be able to conduct official business within special designed and designated areas.Magness, Jodi. "Masada 1995: Discoveries at Camp F". The Biblical Archaeologist Vol. 59. No. 3 (1996): 181. A praetorium would normally display information regarding the sportulae (schedule of fees and taxes) of its region carved directly into the walls of its main public areas. This would often be located near the office of the financial procurator.De Segni, L., J. Patrich, and K. Holum. "A Schedule of Fees (Sportulae) for Official Services from Caesarea Maritima, Israel". Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 145 (2003): 273–300.
Biblical reference In the New Testament, praetorium refers to the palace of Pontius Pilate, the Roman prefect of Judea. It is believed to have been in one of the residential palaces built by Herod the Great for himself in Jerusalem, which at that time was also the residence of his son, king Herod II.Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome. The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700, Oxford University Press (5th edition): New York (2008), p. 23. . According to the New Testament, this is where Jesus Christ was tried and condemned to death.Burrows, Millar. "The Fortress Antonia and the Praetorium". The Biblical Archaeologist 1. No. 3 (1938): 17–19. Praetorium is variously translated as "common hall", "governor's house", "judgment hall", "Pilate's house", or "palace". Additionally, Paul was held in Herod's Praetorium.Acts 23:35, New American Standard Bible.
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References
External links Praetorium at Housesteads along Hadrian's Wall International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Praetorium Agrippinae (Valkenburg) Bible Study - The Praetorium