Deir al-Asad (; ) is an Arab village in the Galilee region of Israel, near Karmiel.Lessons in an Arab Israeli village Dayton Jewish Observer, 24 May 2011
Together with the adjacent village of Bi'ina it formed the site of the Crusader monastery town of St. George de la Beyne, an administrative center of the eponymous fief which spanned part of the central Galilee. Control of the fief changed several times from the noble Milly family to Joscelyn III of Courtenay and ultimately to the Teutonic Order before the area passed to Cairene Mamluk rule in the late 13th century. Settlement continued under the Mamluks and the village's St. George monastery was mentioned as treating the mentally ill in the late 14th century. The modern Muslim village of Deir al-Asad, previously known as Deir al-Bi'ina or Deir al-Khidr, was established in 1516 when the Ottoman sultan Selim I granted its monastery as a waqf (religious endowment) to the Sufi sage Shaykh Muhammad al-Asad, who settled in it with his family and devotees. The village's original Christian population was expelled by the same order and relocated to Bi'ina, while a Druze community which established itself in the village emigrated to the Hauran by the late 1870s.
The village was captured by Israel in the 1948 Palestine War, immediately after which it was emptied of its inhabitants as part of the 1948 Palestinian expulsions and looted by Israeli troops. Its residents were allowed to return, though several became Palestinian refugees in the Ain al-Hilweh camp in Lebanon. A significant area of agricultural land nearby was used by the authorities to create part of the new Jewish city of Karmiel in 1962. Most of Deir al-Asad's residents belong to the clans of Asadi, descendants of Shaykh Muhammad al-Asad, and Dabbah, established in the village in the 18th century. In 2003 Deir al-Asad was merged with Bi'ina and nearby Majd al-Krum to form the single municipality of Shaghur, the Arabic name of the valley in which the towns are located, but the union was dissolved in 2008.
Etymology Deir al-Asad literally translates from Arabic as 'the lion's monastery'.
History Crusader, Ayyubid and Mamluk periods
During the Crusader period (12th–13th centuries), the area around modern Deir al-Asad operated as a fief known as 'St. George de la Beyne' (Saint Jorge Labane).Rafael Frankel, (1988). "Topographical Notes on the Territory of Acre in the Crusader Period", in Israel Exploration Journal, vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 249-272 The modern villages of Deir al-Asad and Bi'ina together formed the actual village of St. George de la Beyne. This village likely served as the administrative center of the fief, which also included Sajur (Saor) and Buqei'a (Bouquiau). According to the historian Joshua Prawer, the Latin name la Beyne derived from the village's Arabic name , while 'St. George', in this case, was likely a corruption of the Arabic word ().
The fief was exchanged by Philip, head of the Milly family (), for lands in Transjordan and the hills around Hebron. The king of Jerusalem became the fief's seigneur and the services of Henry of Milly, a wealthy brother of Philip, were transferred to the king as well. Henry and his household continued to reside in St. George de la Beyne. The remains of a Crusader building are located in the center of Deir al-Asad and Bi'ina and are identified as a Carthusian abbey. Upon Henry's death in 1164, St. George de la Beyne was bequeathed to his daughter Helvis. In November 1179, the village came under a seven-year stewardship of Joscelyn III of Courtenay, the husband of Helvis' sister Agnes of Milly. Before the expiration of the grant, in February 1182, Joscelyn gained full control of St. George de la Beyne. After the Muslim forces of Ayyubid sultan Saladin routed the Crusaders at the Battle of Hattin in 1187, the fief's territory came under Muslim control. In May 1188, while it remained in Muslim hands, the fief was legally transferred by Conrad of Montferrat to the Pisans, who were defending the fortress of Tyre at that time.
The area reverted to Crusader rule by 1220, after which St. George de la Beyne was once again under control by descendants of Henry of Milly and Josceleyn III. After a number of grants by these descendants, the fief gradually came under the full control of the Teutonic Order by 1249. The Assizes of Jerusalem treatise written by John of Ibelin in noted that the fief's lands supported ten knights, a large number compared to neighboring fiefs, like that of Mi'iliya (Chastel dou Rei), which supported four knights. A 13th-century map referred to the place as a ciuitas (large urban settlement). In June 1271, after the Muslims under the Mamluk sultan Baybars captured Montfort Castle in the hill country northwest of St. George de la Beyne, the fief became part of a 'no-man's land' between the Acre-based Crusader kingdom and the Mamluk empire. In July 1271, Prince Edward I of England led an army of Templars and Hospitallers in a raid against the village of St. George de la Beyne, destroying it, massacring several of its 'Saracen' (Muslim or Arab) inhabitants and capturing a substantial amount of war booty. According to the historian Denys Pringle, there were likely "economic rather than strategic" motives for this targeted raid by the Crusaders of "such a small and apparently defenceless village" since "in earlier times the fief had been extremely wealthy".
In 1283, Burchard of Mount Sion referred to St. George de la Beyne as "a village called Sangeor" located five leagues from Acre "in between the mountains, in a very rich, fertile and pleasant valley". He also noted that "it was believed" that Saint George was born in the village. The combined site of Deir al-Asad and Bi'ina remained inhabited under the Mamluks. The historian al-Qalqashandi (d. 1418) noted it was a village of the Sajur (Shaghur) district and contained a monastery. The Islamic head judge of Safad in the 1370s, Shams al-Din al-Uthmani, noted that the monastery treated the mentally ill.
Ottoman Empire Endowment to Muhammad al-Asad According to Ottoman waqf (religious endowment) documents from 1838 and likely as early as the 16th century, historical accounts, and local folklore, Deir al-Asad was granted to the 16th-century Sufi sage Shaykh Muhammad al-Asad, who was also known as Ibn Abd Allah al-Asadi, and bore the alternative epithets al-Safadi (of Safed) or al-Biqa'i (of the Beqaa Valley).Layish 1987, pp. 61–63, 68. The waqf documents maintain that Sultan Selim I () was the grantor. On the other hand, the Damascene historian al-Burini (d. 1615), who was in turn copied by the historian Muhammad al-Muhibbi (d. 1699), and the village tradition hold that Sultan Suleiman () was the grantor.Layish 1987, pp. 61, 65, 68. The modern historian Aharon Layish considers the former version to be correct.Layish 1987, p. 65. Selim, a sultan with strong Sufi sympathies who particularly favored Ibn Arabi, to whose Sufi school Shaykh al-Asad belonged, granted the village, then known as Deir al-Bi'ina or Deir al-Khidr (deir is Arabic for monastery and al-Khidr is a name used in Arabic to refer to St. George) soon after his conquest of the coastal cities of Syria from the Mamluks in 1516.Layish 1987, pp. 65–68.
Shaykh al-Asad was originally from the village of Hammara in the Beqaa Valley, moved to Damascus where he became a student of the Sufi sage Ibn Arraq, a follower of Ibn Arabi's school of thought, before settling in Deir al-Bi'ina by at least 1510, before the Ottoman conquest.Layish 1987, pp. 68, 70, 72. Although local folklore attributes the name Asad (Arabic for lion) to his taming of a lion, Layish surmises that the name was already established; by his summation, Shaykh al-Asad was possibly a kinsman of Asad al-Sham Abd Allah al-Yunini (d. 1220) from Younin in the Beqaa Valley, who was a Sufi mystic and warrior in the army of Saladin in the wars against the Crusaders, or a descendant of Saladin through the latter's son al-Aziz Uthman.Layish 1987, pp. 72–73. Selim spent two months in Damascus and likely became acquainted with Shaykh al-Asad through Ibn Arraq.Layish 1987, p. 71. Al-Burini's account holds that Shaykh al-Asad was granted the village to settle in with his children and Sufi devotees and that its original Christian inhabitants were expelled by the sultan's order; Layish theorizes that the sultan intended for the village to become a Muslim nucleus in order to strengthen Islamic control of the "security sensitive" area whose proximity to the coast left it vulnerable to European Christian penetration.Layish 1987, p. 68. Shaykh al-Asad was concurrently appointed the imam of the mosque established in the monastery of St. George and as the administrator of the waqf property. His son Ahmad (d. 1601) later founded a Sufi lodge in Safed, although according to a family tree preserved by Shaykh al-Asad's descendants, he did not have a son by this name, but rather an agnate grandson, Ahmad ibn Mahfuz.Layish 1987, pp. 68, 71. His other sons continued to reside in Deir al-Bi'ina, which became known as Deir al-Asad by dint of its association with Shaykh al-Asad.
Shaykh al-Asad died in 1569. The descendants of his four sons are known as the Asadi clan and their original area of residence forms the core of Deir al-Asad.Layish 1987, p. 76. Other Muslim clans in the village moved there to find refuge and were given the protection of the Asadi clan. The attraction to Deir al-Asad during the early Ottoman era may have stemmed from its inhabitants' exemption from army service and the village's reputation as a refuge, including for criminals evading government pursuit.Layish 1987, pp. 74–75. According to local tradition, two brothers whose descendants formed Deir al-Asad's Dabbah clan settled in the village's upper neighborhood in the 18th century.Forte 2003, p. 140.
19th century Deir al-Asad possessed a large fortified monastery called St. George.R. Frankel, N. Getzov, M. Aviam, & A. Degani, Settlement dynamics and regional diversity in ancient Upper Galilee: archaeological survey of Upper Galilee, IAA Reports, no. 14, Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA): Jerusalem 2001, p. 136 The site's earlier Christian inhabitants relocated to Bi'ina, where they built a new monastery, giving to it the same name as the former. In 1838, Deir al-Asad was noted as a village in the Shaghur district, which was located between Safad, Acca and Tiberias.Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 3, 2nd appendix, p. 133 Deir al-Asad and nearby Bi'ina were both inhabited by members of the Druze community when Victor Guérin visited in the 1875,Guérin, 1880, p. 446 but by the late 1870s, they had emigrated to the Hauran to avoid conscription by the Ottoman army.Firro, 1992, p. 166 In the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) in 1881, Deir al-Asad was described as a village of 600 Muslims, containing a few ruins of the original Christian settlement. It was surrounded by olive trees and arable land, with a spring nearby.Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 150 A population list from about 1887 showed that Deir al-Asad had about 725 inhabitants, all Muslims.Schumacher, 1888, p. 174
British Mandate