Vexillum

The vexillum (; : vexilla) was a flag-like object used as a military standard by units in the Roman army. A common vexillum displayed imagery of the Roman aquila on a reddish backdrop.

Use in Roman armies

The word is a diminutive analogue of the Latin word , meaning "a sail", which confirms the historical evidence (from coins and sculpture) that were literally "little sails": flag-like standards. In the , the cloth was draped from a horizontal crossbar suspended from a staff (unlike most modern flags, in which the "hoist" of the cloth is attached directly to a vertical staff). The bearer of a was known as a or .Vexillum. Flagspot.net, retrieved March 18, 2011

Just as in the case of the regimental colors or flags of early-modern Western regiments, the was a treasured symbol of the military unit that it represented and it was closely defended in combat. It was the main standard of some types of units, especially of cavalry; however, it was regarded as less important than a legion's (eagle), and may have represented a subdivision of a legion. However, that is not entirely clear from surviving sources (see ).

The only known surviving Roman military , dated to the first half of the 3rd century AD, is housed in the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow. It is an almost square piece of coarse linen cloth with an image of the goddess Victoria, and measures 47×50 cm. The lower edge has the remains of a fringe. This was once attached to a piece of reed wood. It is unknown to which military unit the belonged; it was found in Egypt shortly before 1911, but its exact provenance remains unclear.

Appearance

It is sometimes reported that the vexillum of the Ancient Roman Republic was red in colour and had the letters SPQR (which means "the Senate and People of Rome") in yellow on it, however "it is difficult to find any evidence that they were ever on military flags carried by the army." This is simply the appearance of the only vexillum discovered so far, and it may not be consistent across other vexilla.

General and later use

The term vexillum (plural vexilla) is used more generally for any object, such as a relic or icon, used as a standard in battle, and may be considered the offensive equivalent of the more defensive palladium in this context.Ryan, William Francis,The Bathhouse at Midnight: An Historical Survey of Magic and Divination in Russia, pp. 237-239, 1999, Penn State Press, , 9780271019673

Vexillology, or the study of flags, derives its name from this word and a vexilloid is a standard that is not of conventional flag form.

Nearly all of the present-day regions of Italy preserve the use of vexilla. Many Christian processional banners are in the vexillum form; usually these banners are termed labara () after the standard adopted by the first Christian Roman emperor Constantine I replaced the usual spear point with the "Chi-Rho" symbol ☧. For example, a vexillum is used by the Legion of Mary as the term for its standards. A small version is used on the altar and a larger one leads processions. In the Middle Ages, the type of banner draped from a horizontal crossbar became known as a gonfalon.

Vexillum

Bron en licentie