Micrococcal nuclease

Micrococcal nuclease (, S7 Nuclease, MNase, spleen endonuclease, thermonuclease, nuclease T, micrococcal endonuclease, nuclease T''', staphylococcal nuclease, spleen phosphodiesterase, Staphylococcus aureus nuclease, Staphylococcus aureus nuclease B, ribonucleate (deoxynucleate) 3'-nucleotidohydrolase) is an endo-exonuclease that preferentially digests single-stranded nucleic acids. The rate of cleavage is 30 times greater at the 5' side of A or T than at G or C and results in the production of mononucleotides and oligonucleotides with terminal 3'-phosphates.Colin Dingwall, George P. Lomonossoff, Ronald A. Laskey, High sequence specificity of micrococcal nuclease, Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 9, Issue 12, 25 June 1981, Pages 2659–2674, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/9.12.2659 The enzyme is also active against double-stranded DNA and RNA and all sequences will be ultimately cleaved.

Characteristics

The enzyme has a molecular weight of 16.9kDa. The pH optimum is reported as 9.2. The enzyme activity is strictly dependent on Ca2+ and the pH optimum varies according to Ca2+ concentration. The enzyme is therefore easily inactivated by EGTA.

Sources

This enzyme is the extracellular nuclease of Staphylococcus aureus. Two strains, V8 and Foggi, yield almost identical enzymes. A common source is E.coli cells carrying a cloned nuc gene encoding Staphylococcus aureus'' extracellular nuclease (micrococcal nuclease).

Structure The 3-dimensional structure of micrococcal nuclease (then called Staphyloccal nuclease) was solved very early in the history of protein crystallography, in 1969. Higher-resolution, more recent crystal structures are available for the apo formTruckses, D.M., Prehoda, K.E., Miller, S.C., Markley, J.L. and Somoza, J.R. (1996), Coupling between trans/cis proline isomerization and protein stability in staphylococcal nuclease. Protein Science, 5: 1907-1916. https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.5560050917 PDB: https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1SNO and for the thymidine-diphosphate-inhibited form.Khangulov, V.S., Schlessman, J.L., Heroux, A., Garcia-Moreno, E.B. Crystal structure of Staphylococcal nuclease variant Delta+PHS V104E at cryogenic temperature PDB: https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3H6MLoll, P.J. and Lattman, E.E. (1989), The crystal structure of the ternary complex of staphylococcal nuclease, Ca2+ and the inhibitor pdTp, refined at 1.65 Å. Proteins, 5: 183-201. https://doi.org/10.1002/prot.340050302 PDB: https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1SNC As seen in the ribbon diagram above, the nuclease molecule has 3 long alpha helices and a 5-stranded, barrel-shaped beta sheet, in an arrangement known as the OB-fold (for oligonucleotide-binding fold) as classified in the SCOP database.

Applications CUT&RUN sequencing, antibody-targeted controlled cleavage by micrococcal nuclease for transcriptomic profiling. Hydrolysis of nucleic acids in crude cell-free extracts. Sequencing of RNA. Preparation of rabbit reticulocyte lysates. Studies of chromatin structure. Removal of nucleic acids from laboratory protein preparations allowing for protein folding and structure-function studies. Research on the mechanisms of protein folding.

Micrococcal nuclease

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