Kāla-mādhava is a c. 1336 CE Sanskrit-language treatise written by Madhavacharya alias Vidyaranya, in the Vijayanagara Empire of present-day India. The text aims to help the readers determine appropriate times for Hindu religious observances. It is also known as Kāla-nirṇaya ("determination or fixing of times") or Kāla-mādhavīya.
Content
Madhava states that he composed Kāla-mādhava after writing a commentary on the dharma-śāstra text Parāśara-smṛti. According to him, the text aims to determine the time of performance of the dharma (duties) expounded in the Parāśara-smṛti. The text refers to several earlier writers and works, including Kala-darsha, Bhoja's work on the Shaiva agama, Muhurta-vidhana-sara, Vaṭeśvara-siddhānta, Vasishtha Ramayana, Siddhānta Shiromani, and Hemadri's Vrata-khanda and Dana-khanda.
The treatise includes a 129-verse introductory synopsis Kāla-nirnaya-kārikā. It contains five chapters (prakaranas):
Upodghata: discussion on time (kāla) and its nature Vatsara: discussion on the periods of time: year, including lengths of the year according to various calendars solstices (āyāna) seasons months, including intercalary months and acts allowed/prohibited in these months fortnights (paksha) Pratipat: tithi (lunar day), duration of a tithi, types of tithis, rules for performances of religious rites and observances on the first tithi, muhūrta Dvitiyaditithi: rules for the rest of the tithis (second to fifteenth), performance of vratas for each tithi, Prakirnaka (miscellaneous): nakshatras for various acts, yoga (angular relationship between the Sun and the Moon), karana (half of a tithi), sankranti, eclipses
Editions
Kāla-mādhava, or Mādhavīya Kāla-nirṇaya (1876); published by Benares Sanskrit Press Kâlamâdhava, edited by Pandit Ratna Gopal Bhatta (1909), Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Kala Madhav Karika (कालमाधवकारिका), with an introduction by Bhatta Vaidyanatha Suri (2014); published by Anandashram Sanstha, Pune
Commentaries
Nārāyaṇa Bhaṭṭa's commentary on introductory verses of Kalamadhava, 1540-1570 CE Kāla-mādhava-lakṣmī by Lakshmi-devi Payagunda (), c. 18th century A vyākhyā by Umā, fl. 1400-1450; she belonged to the Mudgala gotra (clan), and was a resident of Kherada
Raghunandana (16th century) frequently quotes Kāla-mādhava.
References
Bibliography
External links Madhaviya Tithi Nirnaya Kala Nirnaya, manuscript Chandrakant Tarkalankar's edition with commentary Ratna Gopala Bhatta's edition