The Yellow Wind Demon (), also known by his self-proclaimed title the Great Sage of the Yellow Wind (黄风大圣), is an antagonist in the 16th-century Chinese novel Journey to the West (西游记). He is a yaoguai who rules the Yellow Wind Ridge (黄风岭) and captures the monk Tang Sanzang. The Yellow Wind Demon is known for his use of the Samadhi Divine Wind (三昧神风), a powerful magical wind, and for his confrontation with Sun Wukong during the pilgrims' journey.
In Journey to the West According to the novel, the Yellow Wind Demon originally lived at the foot of Vulture Peak (Lingshan) and was an enlightened rat. He stole the clear oil (清油) from a glazed lamp (琉璃盏) offered before the Buddha, causing the lamp's flame to dim. Fearing that the Buddhist guardians would capture him, he fled and became a demon at Yellow Wind Ridge (黄风岭). The Tathagata ordered Lingji Bodhisattva (灵吉菩萨) to restrain him, and Lingji allowed him to remain there on the condition that he did not harm living beings.
During the pilgrims' journey, the Tiger Vanguard (虎先锋), a subordinate of the Yellow Wind Demon, captures Tang Sanzang and presents him to his master. The Yellow Wind Demon recognizes Tang Sanzang as the monk traveling to the West and, fearing the power of his disciples, orders that he be kept in the cave rather than eaten immediately. He intends to wait until Sun Wukong and Zhu Bajie leave before having Tang Sanzang prepared as food.
Sun Wukong and Zhu Bajie attack the Yellow Wind Cave to rescue Tang Sanzang. The Yellow Wind Demon fights Sun Wukong with a three-pronged steel fork (三股钢叉) for about thirty rounds without either gaining the advantage. When Wukong uses his transformation technique to surround him with many copies of himself, the demon unleashes the Samadhi Divine Wind (三昧神风). The wind fills the sky with yellow sand and drives back Wukong's transformed copies. When the demon blows the wind directly at Wukong, it forces his Fiery Golden Eyes (火眼金睛) shut, leaving him unable to continue fighting.
After the encounter, Wukong's eyes are treated by a Dharma-protecting Jialan who appears in the form of an old man. The Jialan gives him an eye medicine and directs him to continue his efforts to subdue the demon. Wukong then travels to Mount Sumeru to seek the help of Lingji Bodhisattva. Lingji explains that the Tathagata had previously given him a Wind-Calming Pill (定风丹) and a Flying Dragon Staff (飞龙杖) for restraining the Yellow Wind Demon. He tells Wukong to lure the demon out so that he can capture him. When the Yellow Wind Demon again attempts to use the Samadhi Divine Wind, the Wind-Calming Pill prevents the wind from affecting Wukong. Lingji then casts the Flying Dragon Staff, which transforms into an eight-clawed golden dragon and seizes the demon. The Yellow Wind Demon reverts to his original form as a yellow-furred sable-like rat (黄毛貂鼠). Wukong attempts to kill him, but Lingji stops him, saying that the demon must be taken to the Tathagata to answer for his offenses. Lingji then takes the demon back to Lingshan.
The Samadhi Divine Wind is described at length in the novel through a series of highly exaggerated images. The wind spins yellow sand, shakes the landscape, darkens the heavens, disrupts the activities of deities, and causes disorder across the natural and supernatural worlds. It is ultimately the demon's principal advantage in his battle with Sun Wukong.
Interpretations
Within the novel's Five Elements (五行) symbolism, the demon is categorized as "false earth" (假土). Xu Chuanwu attributes this to his yellow coloring, which associates him with the earth element and contrasts him with Sha Seng, who represents "true earth" (真土).
Liu Tingqian and Yang Yi interpret the character in relation to the novel's satire of the Tathagata. Liu notes that the yellow-furred rat spirit became a demon after stealing lamp oil from Lingshan, linking his origins to the Buddhist realm. He also notes that monsters with divine or Buddhist connections, including the Yellow Wind Demon and the Great Peng, are more powerful and destructive than ordinary earthly spirits. Yang interprets this as a satire of the Tathagata, arguing that the Buddha is portrayed as tolerating demons associated with Buddhism despite their actions.
The demon's Samadhi Divine Wind has also been interpreted as a depiction of a sandstorm, based on the novel's descriptions of yellow sand and strong winds.
In modern media
The Yellow Wind Demon appears as the Yellow Wind Sage (黄风大圣) in the 2024 action role-playing game Black Myth: Wukong. The game substantially expands the character's story beyond his role in Journey to the West.
In the game, the Yellow Wind Sage helps the Kingdom of Sahali fight the insect demon Fuban and later becomes associated with the kingdom. He subsequently returns to Yellow Wind Ridge. After obtaining one of Sun Wukong's scattered relics, the Fuming Ears (耳听怒), he is unable to refine it because of his limited cultivation and turns to the practice of an "evil path". He later cuts off the head of Lingji Bodhisattva and uses it as a container for the relic.
The game's narration presents the Yellow Wind Sage in contrasting terms, describing him as capable of helping others when moved by a "thought of good" (一念善) and of bringing suffering to living beings when moved by a "thought of evil" (一念恶).
In the game, the Yellow Wind Sage decapitates Lingji Bodhisattva and steals his head. Chinese media and players compared this event to the real-world looting and mutilation of Chinese Buddhist statues by foreign powers during the late Qing dynasty. Because the Sage is a rat demon, reviewers linked his character to the idiom shǔqiègǒudào (鼠窃狗盗; lit. "petty theft by rats and dogs"), framing the theft as a satire of those who smuggled China's historical artifacts.
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