Outline of the Russian Revolution

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the Russian Revolution.

The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social upheaval in the Russian Empire that came in two waves, the first in 1905 and the second in 1917. Russia abolished its monarchy and adopted a socialist form of government after two successive revolutions in 1917, the February and October revolutions, and the Russian Civil War that followed. It preceded and helped inspire other revolutions in the aftermath of World War I, among them the German Revolution of 1918–1919, and is counted among the key events of the 20th century.

The Russian Revolution of 1905 had no single leader or organizer. It began on Bloody Sunday, 22 January 1905 [O.S. 9 January], when troops fired on unarmed workers marching to the Winter Palace behind the priest Georgy Gapon to petition Nicholas II for higher wages, shorter hours and civil rights. Strikes, peasant land seizures and mutinies in the army and navy followed through the year, among them the rising on the battleship Potemkin. Peasants wanted land, factory workers wanted better pay and shorter hours, and many wanted legal political parties and an elected parliament. Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War discredited the government further. In October the tsar issued the October Manifesto, which promised civil liberties and an elected Duma. Workers formed the first soviets, among them the Saint Petersburg Soviet, the model for the workers' councils of 1917. The government put down the last risings by 1907 and cut back the Duma's powers, but it settled none of the grievances behind the revolt. They resurfaced under the defeats and shortages of World War I.

The two revolutions of 1917 had different origins. No party planned the February Revolution. It began in Petrograd in February 1917 with bread queues, strikes and a women's march, and it succeeded when the city garrison refused to fire and joined the crowds. Nicholas II abdicated and the Russian Provisional Government took office, sharing authority with the Petrograd Soviet. Its cause was the strain of the First World War: heavy casualties, food and fuel shortages, rising prices, and a court that had lost public trust.

The October Revolution in October 1917 was planned. The Bolsheviks under Lenin and Trotsky used the Military Revolutionary Committee to take control of the capital and transfer power to the soviets. The new government issued the Decree on Peace and the Decree on Land, dissolved the Constituent Assembly in January 1918, and left the war under the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The Russian Civil War followed, and the Bolshevik victory led to the founding of the Soviet Union in 1922.

Overviews Russian Revolution February Revolution Dual power October Revolution Russian Civil War

Background Prague Conference State Duma of the Russian Empire of the Fourth Convocation Revolutionary activity of Vladimir Lenin Soviet democracy

Related conflicts Russian Civil War Establishment of Soviet power in Russia (1917–1918)

Events Revolution of 1905

Russian Revolution of 1905

Russo-Japanese War

February Revolution

World War I

World War I Eastern Front (World War I)

Russian Republic

October Revolution

Russian Civil War

Polish-Soviet War

Political events April Crisis July Days Kornilov affair Vikzhel negotiations Establishment of Soviet power in Russia (1917–1918)

Conferences and Congresses All-Russian Conference of the Soviets First All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies Extraordinary All-Russia Congress Of Soviets Of Peasants' Deputies Third All-Russian Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies' Soviets Fifth All–Russian Congress of Soviets First All-Union Congress of Soviets First All Russian Congress of Trade Unions Third All-Russian Conference of Trade Unions 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) 7th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Moscow State Conference All-Russian Democratic Conference First All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets (Kharkiv) Second All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets Third All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets State Meeting in Ufa

Elections 1917 Russian municipal elections 1917 Kiev City Duma election 1917 Moscow District Duma elections 1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election 1917 Baku City Duma election 1917 Minsk City Duma election 1917 Odessa City Duma election 1917 Russian municipal elections 1917 Astrakhan City Duma election November 1917 Yekaterinburg City Duma election

Military events 1917 Kronstadt Mutiny Kornilov affair Bykhov Sitting Establishment of Soviet power in Russia (1917–1918)

Other events Jailbirds of Kerensky

Terror Cheka – The first Soviet secret police, set up in December 1917 under Felix Dzerzhinsky. It was the main instrument of the Red Terror; its internal-defense troops numbered at least 200,000 by 1921. Lenin's hanging order (11 August 1918) – Lenin's telegram to Penza ordering that no fewer than 100 kulaks be hanged in public. It was not carried out as such, and the name comes from the US Library of Congress. Red Terror (September 1918 – 1922) – Bolshevik campaign of political repression and execution, carried out mainly by the Cheka. Estimates of executions run from 50,000 to 200,000, and a further 400,000 deaths are attributed to prisons and to the suppression of local revolts. Outline of the Red Terror (Russia)

Places Smolny Institute Dacha Durnovo

People Political leaders

Revolutionary activity of Vladimir Lenin Nikolai Bukharin Viktor Nogin Vladimir Milyutin Georgy Oppokov Pēteris Stučka Grigory Petrovsky Jēkabs Peterss Józef Unszlicht Fyodor Sergeyev Vyacheslav Molotov Maxim Litvinov Andrei Bubnov Filipp Goloshchyokin Georgy Pyatakov Georgy Safarov Yemelyan Yaroslavsky Rosalia Zemlyachka Nikolai Sukhanov Fyodor Dan Abram Gots Aleksandra Izmailovich Apollon Karelin

Military leaders

Nikolai Krylenko Pavel Dybenko Georgy Blagonravov Konstantin Mekhonoshin Dmitry Zhloba Nikolai Khovrin Semyon Zapadny Vladimir Smirnov Nikolay Tolmachyov Alexander Miasnikian Kliment Voroshilov Dmitry Ivanovich Popov

Other notable figures Maxim Gorky William N. Haskell Yekaterina Kuskova Fridtjof Nansen

Post–Russian Empire states and groups Successor states Russian Republic Russian Provisional Government

Soviet republics and autonomies Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia Baku Commune Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic Black Sea Soviet Republic Bukharan People's Soviet Republic Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic Don Soviet Republic Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic Commune of the Working People of Estonia Far Eastern Republic Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic Galician Soviet Socialist Republic Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast Karakalpak Autonomous Oblast Kazan Soviet Workers' and Peasants' Republic Khorezm People's Soviet Republic Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1926–1936) Kuban Soviet Republic Kuban–Black Sea Soviet Republic Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1919) Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Mughan Soviet Republic North Caucasian Soviet Republic Odessa Soviet Republic Stavropol Soviet Republic Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic Terek Soviet Republic Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Tuvan People's Republic Ukrainian Soviet Republic Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Anti-Bolshevik and White governments Centrocaspian Dictatorship Crimean Regional Government Don Republic Government of South Russia Provisional All-Russian Government Provisional Military Dictatorship of Mughan Provisional Regional Government of the Urals Provisional Siberian Government (Omsk) Provisional Siberian Government (Vladivostok) Siberian Republic (1918) South Russia (1919–1920) Transcaspian Government West Siberian Commissariat Yakutia (1918)

National and independence states Alash Autonomy Republic of Aras Azerbaijan Democratic Republic Bashkiria (1917–1919) Belarusian People's Republic State of Buryat-Mongolia North Caucasian Emirate Crimean People's Republic First Republic of Armenia Democratic Republic of Georgia Idel-Ural State Karakorum Government Kuban People's Republic Moldavian Democratic Republic Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus Second Polish Republic Provisional National Government of the Southwestern Caucasus Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic Turkestan Autonomy Ukrainian People's Republic

Central Powers client states Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918) Kingdom of Finland Kingdom of Lithuania (1918) Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918) Ukrainian State

Insurgencies Chyhyryn Soviet Republic Kholodny Yar Republic Makhnovshchina Republic of Mountainous Armenia Soviet Republic of Naissaar North Ingria Olonets Government of Southern Karelia Republic of Perloja Republic of Uhtua Republic of Wędziagoła

Movements Green Ukraine Pro-independence movements in the Russian Civil War Siberian regionalism Whites (Finland)

Councils and committees Iskolat Kuban Rada People's Secretariat Political Centre (Russia) Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee Special Transcaucasian Committee Transcaucasian Commissariat Zemstvo of Maritime Territory

Miscellaneous Crimea in the Soviet Union Perloja Soviet Central Asia

Organizations Political parties Political parties of Russia in 1917 Bolsheviks Mensheviks Mezhraiontsy Left Socialist-Revolutionaries Trudoviks Popular Socialists (Russia) Yedinstvo Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (of Internationalists) Union of Socialists-Revolutionaries-Maximalists Party of Revolutionary Communism General Jewish Labour Bund Communist Party of the Soviet Union Military Opposition Constitutional Democratic Party Union of October 17 Progressive Bloc (Russia) All-Russian Union of Landowners and Farmers Union of the Russian People Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party Borotbists Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union) Belarusian Socialist Assembly Communist Party of Byelorussia Social Democratic Party of Georgia Musavat Alash (party) Milliy Firqa Young Bukharans Young Khivans

Military units Red Guards Latvian Riflemen Red Cossacks Baltic Fleet during the October Revolution and Russian Civil War

Gorverning organizations Russian Provisional Government Russian Republic Congress of Soviets All-Russian Congress of Soviets All-Russian Central Executive Committee All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets Military Revolutionary Committee Revolutionary committee (Soviet) Security Council of the Northern Caucasus and Dagestan Russian Government (1918–1919) Provisional Siberian Government (Omsk) Provisional Regional Government of the Urals Provisional Government of the Northern Region Regional Government of Northwest Russia Russian Eastern Okraina Provisional Priamurye Government Provisional Military Dictatorship of Mughan Kuban Rada Provisional All-Russian Government West Siberian Commissariat Provisional Siberian Government (Vladivostok) Karakorum Government Provisional Governing Commission

Documents Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia Decree on the system of government of Russia Declaration of the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Sisson Documents

Culture and society Literature Fiction

Outline of the Russian Revolution

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