Kian v. Florida, No. 25-6623, is a pending United States Supreme Court case. The Court will consider whether the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments guarantee the right to a trial by a 12-person jury in prosecutions for serious felonies.
Background Legal background In Williams v. Florida, , the Supreme Court held that the use of a six-member jury in a criminal trial did not violate the Sixth Amendment.Williams v. Florida, . In reaching this conclusion, the Court held that:
Two years later in Apodaca v. Oregon, , a plurality of the Supreme Court held that the Sixth Amendment, as applied to the States through the Fourteenth Amendment, did not require unanimous jury verdicts in state criminal trials.Apodaca v. Oregon, . Recalling Williams, the Court noted that:
Decades later, the Supreme Court reconsidered Apodaca in Ramos v. Louisiana, . In Ramos, the Court overturned Apodaca, holding that the Sixth Amendment—as incorporated against the states by way of the Fourteenth Amendment—requires a unanimous verdict to convict a defendant of a serious offense.Ramos v. Louisiana, . In so holding, the Court distanced itself from the functionalist analysis that Apodaca derived from Williams:
Factual background Florida is one of six states that allows defendants charged with serious offenses to be tried before juries of fewer than twelve members. Section 930.10 of the Florida Statutes provides that "[t]welve persons shall constitute a jury to try all capital cases, and six persons shall constitute a jury to try all other criminal cases." In April 2022, petitioner Hamed Kian was charged with five counts of practicing chiropractic medicine without a license, a non-capital offense. Pursuant to Florida law, the trial court empaneled a petit jury consisting of six members. Following the evidentiary phase of the trial, the jury unanimously found Kian guilty on all five counts in October 2023. On appeal, the Florida Fourth District Court of Appeal summarily affirmed Kian's convictions on October 16, 2025. Supreme Court On January 9, 2026, Kian petitioned the Supreme Court for a writ of certiorari. On June 15, the Court granted review. The case will be argued during the Supreme Court's October 2026 Term, with a decision expected by mid-2027. References
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