The ( 'translations of Hebrew names', ) are lexicons that give translations of the proper names of the Hebrew Bible into Latin. They were widely used study aids in the Latin Church during the Middle Ages and were often copied alongside the biblical text.
The original was the of Jerome (died 420). This was arranged by biblical book and alphabetically within each book. This led sometimes to doubling of entries. Jerome drew on the work of Philo and the Onomasticon of Eusebius, but whereas Eusebius listed mainly place names, Jerome's lists was mostly personal names. He also included references to his own Hebrew Questions on Genesis. The headwords are in Hebrew (or occasionally Aramaic) transliterated into Latin followed by a definition ranging in length from a single word to a short paragraph. Jerome's first entry is .
Most later lexicons are derived from Jerome's , although a few are new creations, such as that in the British Library manuscript Royal MS 2 F IV, which was created from the Etymologies of Isidore. Later lexicons are usually organized alphabetically without division. Some later ones were enhanced with a better knowledge of Hebrew. In the 12th century, Ralph Niger titled his work Philippicus in honour of the Jew who helped him with it. Most , however, are conventionally known by their initial lemmata. Chronologically, they are:
, which arragnes entries by book within each letter (before 1139) (early 12th century), wrongly attributed to Bede, Remigius of Auxerre and Stephen Langton, although a revision attributed Langton may be found in a near-contemporary manuscript in Montpellier , by an anonymous Carthusian , by Jehannot Roussignol
and the meanings they provided were especially popular among monastic exegetes doing tropological readings. After about 1230, they were the norm in single-volume bibles and survive in hundreds of manuscripts. was the most popular, followed by then .
Given the many variations in the manuscripts and their complicated transmission, it is impossible to give a precise number of entries for each of the Jerome derivatives. Jerome's work has 3,157 entries. has about 1,050; about 1,425; and about 5,250, including a certain number of non-biblical words. In , the gloss is preceded by description of the person or place. In the , a late subclass of , the gloss is followed by a reference to book and chapter. For example, the entries for Arphaxad are as follows:
Jerome Arfaxath healer of the ravaging
Arfaxad the third son of Sem, Noah's son; of whom came the race of Chaldees; likewise king of Medes in Judith healer of the ravaging
Arphaxath healer or speaker of the ravaging (Gen. 10, Jud. 1)
Arphaxat healer or speaker of the ravaging
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