Keonthali dialect

Keonthali (Takri:𑚊𑚮𑚣𑚝𑚥𑚦) is a dialect of Lower Mahasu Pahari belonging to the Western Pahari group of languages (as per Grierson). It is spoken in lower parts of Shimla district in the North Indian state of Himachal Pradesh.

Extent Keonthali dialect got its name from former princely Keonthal state, the dialect is spoken usually in the areas which were parts of the then Keonthal state. Today some of these areas include Shimla, capital of Himachal Pradesh, Junga (former capital of Keonthal), Kasumpati, Mashobra, Sunni, Kufri, Chail, Shoghi, Ghanahatti, Jubbarhatti, Dhami, Khatnol, etc.

Script and specimen Mahasu Pahari including Keonthali traditionally written in Takri, Pabuchi scripts. There are also some records of Mahasui written in Nastaliq script. Nowadays Devanagari script is usually used to write Mahasu Pahari which includes all its dialects as Keonthali.

Following is the specimen of Keonthali with its transliteration:

Phonology Inventory of Phonemes:

There are 42 phonemes of which 37 are consonants and 5 are vowels.

Segmental Phonemes (Vowels) +FrontCentralBackClosei iːu uːMide eːo oːOpen-MidOpenɑ Super segmental Phonemes:

Length is a phoneme. Nasalization is a phoneme.

Consonants:https://language.census.gov.in/eLanguageDivision_VirtualPath/LSI_Reports/pdf/9.pdf +Place/MannerBilabialLabio-DentalDentalAlveolarRetroflexPalatalVelarStops unaspiratedp bt dʈ ɖt͡ɕ d͡ʑk gStops aspiratedpʰ bʱtʰ dʱʈʰ ɖʱkʰ gʱAffricatest͡ɕʰ d͡ʑʱFricativesfsɕɦNasalsmnɳŋAspirated NasalsmʱnʱLateralslɭAspirated LateralslʱFlaps/TrillsrɽSemi-Vowelwj

Grammar Pronouns

The pronouns of Keonthali for different persons and numbers are as follows: +PersonNumberKeonthaliIPAMeaning1stSingularआऊँ/मा/aː.ũː/ /maː/ /aː.ɦaː/I am/Me/IPluralहामे/ɦaː.meː/We2ndSingularतू/t̪u/YouPluralतुस्से/tʊs.seː/You3rdSingular & Pluralसे/seː/He/She/They Adverbial Pronouns +IntorregativeRelativeDistalProximateTimeKeonthaliकदीजदीतेबेऐबु/ऐबेHindiकबजबतबअबEnglishWhen?WhenThenNowPlaceKeonthaliकेथी/केईजेथीतेथीऐथीHindiकहाँजहाँवहाँयहाँEnglishWhere?WhereThereHereMannerKeonthaliकिशे/कियेंजिशेतिशेइशेHindiकैसेजैसेवैसेऐसेEnglishHowlike/as/like that/in that waylike thisQuantityKeonthaliकिशराजिशरातिशराइशराHindiकितनाजितनाउतनाइतनाEnglishHow much/manyas much as/as many asthat much/that manythis much/this many Verb conjugation

Conjugation of the verb Lekh (लेख) to write, in all three tenses in Keonthali. +Present tenseSingularPluralKeonthaliआऊं लिखूँहामे लिखूँIPA/aːũː lɪkʰũː//haːmeː lɪkʰũː/Hindiमैं लिखता हूँहम लिखते हैंEnglishI writeWe write +Past tenseSingularPluralKeonthaliमा लिखाहामे लिखाIPA/maː lɪkʰaː//haːmeː lɪkʰaː/Hindiमैंने लिखाहमने लिखाEnglishI wroteWe wrote +Future tenseSingularPluralKeonthaliआऊं लिखमाहामे लिखमेIPA/aːũː lɪkʰmaː//haːmeː lɪkʰmeː/Hindiमैं लिखूँगाहम लिखेंगेEnglishI will writeWe will write

Keonthali dialect

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