Clerk of the United States House of Representatives

The clerk of the United States House of Representatives is an officer of the United States House of Representatives, whose primary duty is to act as the chief record-keeper for the House.

Along with the other House officers, the clerk is elected every two years when the House organizes for a new Congress. The majority and minority caucuses nominate candidates for the House officer positions after the election of the speaker. The full House adopts a resolution to elect the officers, who will begin serving after they have taken the oath of office. The House Officers and Impeachment Clause of Article I, Section II states "The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other Officers". The Oath or Affirmation Clause of Article VI provides that "all ... Officers ... of the United States ... shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution", and pursuant to Article VI, the 1st United States Congress passed the Oath Administration Act (that remains in effect) which provides that "...the oath or affirmation [required by the sixth article of the Constitution of the United States]… shall be administered ... to the [C]lerk"., , ,

The incumbent clerk is Kevin McCumber. He was elected to replace Cheryl Johnson following her resignation on June 30, 2023, during the 118th Congress. Lisa Grant is a deputy clerk of the House.

The Constitution of the United States states in Article 1, Section 2, “The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other Officers...” On April 1, 1789, when the House of Representatives convened with its first quorum, its initial order of business was the election of the speaker, Frederick Augustus Conrad Muhlenberg, a representative from Pennsylvania. The next order of business was the election of the clerk, John Beckley of Virginia.

The first five clerks of the House also served as Librarian of Congress, which became a separate position in 1815. South Trimble, a former representative from Kentucky, who served as clerk from 1911 to 1919 and again from 1931 to 1946, is the longest-tenured clerk in House history.

Duties

Organization of the House When the newly elected members of the House gather on January 3, it is the clerk of the House who summons representatives and convenes the new Congress for the first time. Accordingly, the clerk calls the House to order by gaveling it into session. After a prayer and the Pledge of Allegiance, the clerk then calls the roll of representatives-elect, which is done as an electronic quorum call in the modern era, and then oversees the election of a speaker. During these processes, the clerk must "preserve order and decorum and decide all questions of order," which is subject to appeal.

The speaker is then sworn in, takes the chair, administers oaths to the rest of the members-elect, and the House then proceeds with other business.

Disputes in 19th century In the 19th century, the power of the preceding House clerk to organize the House played a significant role at the beginning of several congresses.Jeffrey Jenkins and Charles Stewart III, More than Just a Mouthpiece: The House Clerk as Party Operative, 1789-1870, Manuscript, 2005, available at . Following the 1838 elections, at the first meeting of the 26th Congress in December 1839, House clerk Hugh Garland omitted the names of five Whigs from New Jersey from the roll call. After days of debate, the Whigs were not seated, effectively creating a Democratic majority in a closely divided House. Only then was the roll call completed and a speaker elected.

In 1863, at the beginning of the 38th Congress during the Civil War, House clerk Emerson Etheridge called the roll, excluding 16 members from five pro-Union states (Maryland, Missouri, West Virginia, Kansas, and Oregon) while including three members from Louisiana. The effort failed, a motion was made to add the missing delegations, and a speaker was then elected. Edward McPherson was then elected to replace Etheridge as clerk for the 38th Congress.

Two years later, in December 1865 as the path of Reconstruction was being determined, McPherson omitted the names of members-elect from Tennessee, Virginia, and Louisiana from the roll for the 39th Congress, and allowed no interference or interruption during his call. After heated debate, in which a member-elect from Tennessee tried to gain floor recognition but was denied, a motion was made by Thaddeus Stevens to proceed to the election of Speaker, which was eventually agreed to. This enabled the Radical Republicans to firmly control Congress, ultimately imposing stricter conditions on readmission of Southern states and enabling Congress to override many vetoes from President Andrew Johnson.

Other duties

Federal law requires the clerk to notify each state government of the number of seats apportioned to the state no later than January 25 of the year immediately following each decennial census.

Rule II of the House Rules requires the clerk to: prepare the roll of members-elect. call the members-elect to order at the commencement of each Congress; to call the roll of Members-elect, and, pending the election of the speaker, to preserve order and decorum; and to decide all questions of order. prepare and distribute at the beginning of every session a list of reports required to be made to Congress. note all questions of order, and decisions thereon, and to print these as an appendix to the Journal of each session of the House. prepare and print the House Journal after each session of Congress, and to distribute the Journal to members and to the executive and the legislature of each State. attest and affix the seal of the House to all writs, warrants, and subpoenas and formal documents issued by the House. certify the passage by the House of all bills and joint resolutions. receive messages from the president and the Senate when the House is not in session. prepare and deliver messages to the Senate and otherwise as requested by the House. retain, in the official library, a permanent set of the books and documents generated by the House. manage the office and supervise the staff of any vacant member (the vacancy may have occurred by expulsion, resignation, or death) until a successor is elected.

In addition, the clerk: acts as custodian of all noncurrent records of the House, pursuant to Rule VII. is responsible, under the supervision and direction of the U.S. House of Representatives Fine Arts Board, for the administration, maintenance, and display of the works of fine art and other similar property of the Congress for display or for other use in the House wing of the Capitol, the House Office Buildings, or any other location under the control of the House (P.L. 100-696). In addition, pursuant to the rules of the United States Capitol Preservation Commission, the clerk may be asked to provide staff support and assistance to the commission.

History On April 1, 1789, the House of Representatives convened with its first quorum. Its initial order of business was the election of the speaker, Frederick Augustus Conrad Muhlenberg, a representative from Pennsylvania. The next order of business was the election of the clerk, John Beckley of Virginia. Although the clerk's title is derived from that of the clerk of the British House of Commons, the duties are similar to those prescribed for the Secretary of the Continental Congress in March 1785.

In addition to the duties involved in organizing the House and presiding over its activities at the commencement of each Congress, the clerk is charged with a number of legislative functions; some of these, such as the constitutional requirement of maintaining the House Journal, have existed from the time of the first Congress, whereas others have been added over the years because of changes in procedure and organization.

List of clerks The following persons served as Clerk of the United States House of Representatives:

ImageNameStateYears1aJohn BeckleyVirginia1789–17972Jonathan CondyPennsylvania1797–17993John Holt OswaldPennsylvania1799–18011bJohn BeckleyVirginia1801–18074Patrick MagruderMaryland1807–18155Thomas DoughertyKentucky1815–18226aMatthew ClarkePennsylvania1822–18337Walter FranklinPennsylvania1833–18388Hugh GarlandVirginia1838–18416bMatthew ClarkePennsylvania1841–18439Caleb J. McNultyOhio1843–184510Benjamin Brown FrenchNew Hampshire1845–184711Thomas CampbellTennessee1847–185012Richard M. YoungIllinois1850–185113aJohn Weiss ForneyPennsylvania1851–185614William CullomTennessee1856–185715James C. AllenIllinois1857–186013bJohn Weiss ForneyPennsylvania1860–186116Emerson EtheridgeTennessee1861–186317aEdward McPhersonPennsylvania1863–187518George AdamsKentucky1875–188117bEdward McPhersonPennsylvania1881–188319John ClarkMissouri1883–188917cEdward McPhersonPennsylvania1889–189120James KerrPennsylvania1891–189521Alexander McDowellPennsylvania1895–191122aSouth TrimbleKentucky1911–191923William Tyler PageMaryland1919–193122bSouth TrimbleKentucky1931–194624Harry Newlin MegillMaryland1946–194725John AndrewsMassachusetts1947–194926aRalph RobertsIndiana1949–195327Lyle SnaderIllinois1953–195526bRalph RobertsIndiana1955–196728Pat JenningsVirginia1967–197529Edmund HenshawVirginia1975–198330Benjamin GuthrieVirginia1983–198731Donnald AndersonCalifornia1987–199532Robin H. CarleIdaho1995–199833Jeff TrandahlSouth Dakota1999–200534aKaren L. HaasMaryland2005–200735Lorraine MillerTexas2007–201134bKaren L. HaasMaryland2011–201936Cheryl L. JohnsonLouisiana2019–202337Kevin McCumberIllinois2023–present

Offices and services In addition to the clerk's main office, located in H154 of the U.S. Capitol, there are nine offices that fall under the clerk's jurisdiction.

Capitol Service Groups The Capitol Service Groups provide support services to the maintenance of the Republican and Democratic cloakrooms, the Lindy Claiborne Boggs Congressional Women's Reading Room, the Members and Family Committee Room, and the Capitol Prayer Room.

House Page Program Pages were high school juniors who served as support staff for the U.S. House of Representatives, either for one of two school semester sessions or one of two summer sessions. The program was discontinued in 2011.

Legislative Computer Systems (LCS) The Legislative Computer Systems office provides technical support for offices under the clerk and maintains the electronic voting system on the House floor.

Legislative Resource Center (LRC) The Legislative Resource Center (LRC), a division of the Office of the Clerk, supports House legislative functions and keeps the public informed about the House and its legislative activities. LRC ensures that House-related information is accessible to all.

Legislative information LRC supplies House members with the documents under consideration on the House floor. LRC also gathers and verifies information on actions by House committees and the President of the United States regarding legislation. The data are stored in the Legislative Information Management System (LIMS), an in-house system that tracks all legislation from its introduction on the floor to its signing by the President.

Through two functions, the United States House of Representatives Library and the House Document Room, LRC serves as the repository and a disseminator of official House legislative documents and publications. The library's collection comprises more than 200,000 volumes, as well as legislative and legal databases. The House Document Room stores hard copies of legislative documents and publications from the current and two preceding congresses, and makes them available to the public upon request, free of charge.

In addition, LRC responds to inquiries from congressional staff and the public regarding legislative information about Congress.

Public disclosure