The 1806–07 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between April 29, 1806 (in New York) and August 4, 1807 (in Tennessee). Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before the first session of the 10th United States Congress convened on October 26, 1807. They occurred during Thomas Jefferson's second term. Elections were held for all 142 seats, representing 17 states.

The Democratic-Republicans continued to build on their huge supermajority. They were actually able to take over two more seats than they had in the previous Congress, which they controlled by a margin of better than three to one. Commitment to agrarian policy allowed the Democratic-Republicans to dominate rural districts, which represented the bulk of the nation. On the other hand, supporters of the Federalists, even in their traditional base of support in the urban centers of coastal New England, continued to lament the ineffectiveness of their party and its lack of electoral appeal.

With a net change of 2 seats between the two parties, this was the smallest net change in US history in the House of Representatives until 2024.

Election summaries

+ ↓ 116 26 Democratic-Republican Federalist

State Type Date Totalseats Democratic-Republican Federalist Seats Change Seats Change New York Districts April 29 – May 1, 1806 17 15 2 Kentucky Districts August 4, 1806 6 6 0 North Carolina Districts August 15, 1806 12 11 1 1 1 New Hampshire At-large August 25, 1806 5 5 5 0 5 Rhode Island At-large August 26, 1806 2 2 0 Vermont Districts September 2, 1806 4 2 2 Connecticut At-large September 15, 1806 7 0 7 Georgia At-large October 6, 1806 4 4 0 Maryland Districts 9 6 1 3 1 Delaware At-large October 7, 1806 1 0 1 South Carolina Districts October 13–14, 1806 8 8 0 Ohio At-large October 14, 1806 1 1 0 Pennsylvania Districts 18 15 2 3 2 New Jersey At-large October 14–15, 1806 6 6 0 Massachusetts Districts November 3, 1806 17 11 1 6 1 Late elections (After the March 4, 1807 beginning of the next Congress) Virginia Districts April 1807 22 21 1 Tennessee Districts August 3–4, 1807 3 3 0 Total 142 11681.7% 2 2618.3% 2

Special elections

There were special elections in 1806 and 1807 during the 9th United States Congress and 10th United States Congress.

Elections are sorted here by date then district.

9th Congress

! | Nathaniel Alexander | | Democratic-Republican | 1803 | | Incumbent resigned November 1805 after being elected Governor of North Carolina.New member elected.Democratic-Republican hold.Successor seated February 24, 1806.Winner was later elected to the next term; see below. | nowrap |

! | John Cotton Smith | | Federalist | 1800 | | Incumbent resigned sometime in August 1806.New member elected September 15, 1806 and seated December 1, 1806.Federalist hold.Winner declined to run for the next term; see below. | nowrap |

! | Joseph Bryan | | Democratic-Republican | 1803 | | Incumbent resigned sometime in 1806.New member elected September 15, 1806 and seated September 1, 1806.Democratic-Republican hold.Winner was later elected to the next term; see below. | nowrap |

! | Thomas Spalding | | Democratic-Republican | 1805 | | Incumbent resigned sometime in 1806.New member elected before December 6, 1806, and seated January 26, 1807.Democratic-Republican hold.Winner had already been elected to the next term; see below. | nowrap |

! | Joseph H. Nicholson | | Democratic-Republican | 1798 | | Incumbent resigned March 1, 1806.New member elected October 4, 1806 and seated December 3, 1806.Democratic-Republican hold.Winner also elected to the next term; see below. | nowrap |

! | Christopher H. Clark | | Democratic-Republican | 1804 | | Incumbent resigned July 1, 1806.New member elected in early November 1806 and seated December 1, 1806.Democratic-Republican hold.Winner later elected to the next term; see below. | nowrap |

! | Michael Leib | | Democratic-Republican | 1798 | | Incumbent resigned February 14, 1806.New member elected November 27, 1806 and seated December 8, 1806.Democratic-Republican hold. | nowrap |

! | colspan=3 | None (new district) | | New delegate elected December 1, 1806. | nowrap |

10th Congress

! | Levi Casey | | Democratic-Republican | 1803 | | Incumbent/member-elect died February 3, 1807.Seat remained unfilled in the 9th Congress.New member elected June 1–2, 1807 and seated October 26, 1807.Democratic-Republican hold. | nowrap |

! | Barnabas Bidwell | | Democratic-Republican | 1804 | | Incumbent resigned July 13, 1807 to become Massachusetts Attorney General.New member elected in 1807 and seated November 2, 1807.Democratic-Republican hold. | nowrap |

! | James M. Broom | | Federalist | 1804 | | Incumbent/Representative-elect resigned in 1807.New member elected October 6, 1807 and seated December 2, 1807.Federalist hold. | nowrap |

Connecticut

Connecticut elected its members on September 15, 1806.

! rowspan=7 | | Benjamin Tallmadge | | Federalist | 1801 | Incumbent re-elected. | rowspan=7 nowrap |

| Jonathan O. Moseley | | Federalist | 1804 | Incumbent re-elected.

| John Cotton Smith | | Federalist | 1800 | | Incumbent resigned in August 1806.Federalist hold.Successor was not elected to finish the current term; see above.

| Timothy Pitkin | | Federalist | 1805 | Incumbent re-elected.

| Lewis B. Sturges | | Federalist | 1805 | Incumbent re-elected.

| John Davenport | | Federalist | 1798 | Incumbent re-elected.

| Samuel W. Dana | | Federalist | 1798 | Incumbent re-elected.

Delaware

Delaware elected its member October 7, 1806.

! | James M. Broom | | Federalist | 1805 | Incumbent re-elected.Incumbent resigned before the next Congress and declined the seat, leading to a special election; see above. | nowrap |

Georgia

Georgia elected its members October 6, 1806.

! rowspan=4 | | Dennis Smelt | | Democratic-Republican | 1806 | Incumbent re-elected. | rowspan=4 nowrap |

| David Meriwether | | Democratic-Republican | 1804 | | Incumbent retired.Democratic-Republican hold.

| Thomas Spalding | | Democratic-Republican | 1805 | | Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic-Republican hold.Incumbent resigned in 1806, leading to a special election; see above.

| Peter Early | | Democratic-Republican | 1804 | | Incumbent retired.Democratic-Republican hold.

Indiana Territory See Non-voting delegates, below.

Kentucky

Kentucky elected its members August 4, 1806.

! | Matthew Lyon | | Democratic-Republican | 1797 1803 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |

! | John Boyle | | Democratic-Republican | 1803 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |

! | Matthew Walton | | Democratic-Republican | 1803 | | Incumbent retired.Democratic-Republican hold. | nowrap |

! | Thomas Sandford | | Democratic-Republican | 1803 | | Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic-Republican hold. | nowrap |

! | John Fowler | | Democratic-Republican | 1797 | | Incumbent retired.Democratic-Republican hold. | nowrap |

! | George M. Bedinger | | Democratic-Republican | 1803 | | Incumbent retired.Democratic-Republican hold. | nowrap |

Maryland

Maryland elected its members October 6, 1806.

! | John Campbell | | Federalist | 1801 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |

! | Leonard Covington | | Democratic-Republican | 1804 | | Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic-Republican hold. | nowrap |

! | Patrick Magruder | | Democratic-Republican | 1801 | | Incumbent lost re-election.Federalist gain. | nowrap |

! | Roger Nelson | | Democratic-Republican | 1804 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |

! rowspan=2 | | Nicholas R. Moore | | Democratic-Republican | 1803 | Incumbent re-elected. | rowspan=2 nowrap |

| William McCreery | | Democratic-Republican | 1803 | Incumbent re-elected.

! | John Archer | | Democratic-Republican | 1801 | | Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic-Republican hold. | nowrap |

! | Joseph H. Nicholson | | Democratic-Republican | 1798 | | Incumbent resigned March 1, 1806.Democratic-Republican hold.Winner had already been elected to finish the current term; see above. | nowrap |

! | Charles Goldsborough | | Federalist | 1804 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |

Massachusetts

Massachusetts elected its members November 3, 1806.

! | Josiah Quincy | | Federalist | 1804 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |

! | Jacob Crowninshield | | Democratic-Republican | 1803 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |

! | Jeremiah Nelson | | Federalist | 1804 | | Incumbent retired.Federalist hold. | nowrap |

! | Joseph Bradley Varnum | | Democratic-Republican | 1794 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |

! | William Ely | | Federalist | 1804 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |

! | Samuel Taggart | | Federalist | 1803 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |

! | Joseph Barker | | Democratic-Republican | 1804 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |

! | Isaiah L. Green | | Democratic-Republican | 1804 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |

! | Phanuel Bishop | | Democratic-Republican | 1798 | | Incumbent retired.Democratic-Republican hold. | nowrap |

! | Seth Hastings | | Federalist | 1800 | | Incumbent retired.Federalist hold. | nowrap |

! | William Stedman | | Federalist | 1803 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |

! | Barnabas Bidwell | | Democratic-Republican | 1804 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |

! | Ebenezer Seaver | | Democratic-Republican | 1803 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |

! | Richard Cutts | | Democratic-Republican | 1801 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |

! | Peleg Wadsworth | | Federalist | 1792 | | Incumbent retired.Democratic-Republican gain. | nowrap |

! | Orchard Cook | | Democratic-Republican | 1804 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |

! | John Chandler | | Democratic-Republican | 1804 | Incumbent re-elected. | nowrap |

Mississippi Territory See Non-voting delegates, below.

New Hampshire

New Hampshire elected its members August 25, 1806.

! rowspan=5 | | Silas Betton | | Federalist | 1802 | | Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic-Republican gain. | rowspan=5 nowrap |

| Thomas W. Thompson | | Federalist | 1804 | | Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic-Republican gain.

| Samuel Tenney | | Federalist | 1800 | | Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic-Republican gain.

| David Hough | | Federalist | 1802 | | Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic-Republican gain.

| Caleb Ellis | | Federalist | 1804 | | Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic-Republican gain.

New Jersey

New Jersey elected its members October 14–15, 1806. The Federalists ran a mixed ticket consisting of 2 Federalists (Aaron Ogden and John Beatty) and 4 Democratic-Republicans (William Helms, Ebenezer Elmer, George Maxwell, and Adam Boyd), one of whom (William Helms) was also on the Democratic-Republican ticket. The Federalists capitalized on resentment over the replacement on the official Democratic-Republican ticket of Ebenezer Elmer, from South Jersey, with Thomas Newbold from Monmouth County and the retention of James Sloan. This ticket was formed too late to gain sufficient support, but the Federalists did do much better in state elections that year than they had in previous elections.

! rowspan=6 | | William Helms | | Democratic-Republican | 1800 | Incumbent re-elected. | rowspan=6 nowrap |

| Ebenezer Elmer | | Democratic-Republican | 1800 | | Incumbent lost re-election.Democratic-Republican hold.

| Henry Southard | | Democratic-Republican | 1800 | Incumbent re-elected.

| Ezra Darby | | Democratic-Republican | 1804 | Incumbent re-elected.

| John Lambert | | Democratic-Republican | 1804 | Incumbent re-elected.

| James Sloan | | Democratic-Republican | 1803 | Incumbent re-elected.

New York

New York elected representatives to the 10th Congress on April 29 – May 1, 1806. This was the second and last election in which Districts 2 and 3 were elected on a joint ticket. New York redistricted in the next election.

! | Eliphalet Wickes