In geometry, an octagram is an eight-angled star polygon.
The name octagram combine a Greek numeral prefix, octa-, with the Greek suffix -gram. The -gram suffix derives from γραμμή (grammḗ) meaning "line".
Detail
In general, an octagram is any self-intersecting octagon (8-sided polygon).
The regular octagram is labeled by the Schläfli symbol {8/3}, which means an 8-sided star, connected by every third point.
Variations These variations have a lower dihedral, Dih4, symmetry: NarrowWide(45 degree rotation)IsotoxalAn old Flag of Chile contained this octagonal star geometry with edges removed (the Guñelve).The regular octagonal star is very popular as a symbol of rowing clubs in the Cologne Lowland, as seen on the club flag of the Cologne Rowing Association.The geometry can be adjusted so 3 edges cross at a single point, like the Auseklis symbolAn 8-point compass rose can be seen as an octagonal star, with 4 primary points, and 4 secondary points.
The symbol Rub el Hizb is a Unicode glyph ۞ at U+06DE.
As a quasitruncated square
Deeper truncations of the square can produce isogonal (vertex-transitive) intermediate star polygon forms with equal spaced vertices and two edge lengths. A truncated square is an octagon, t{4}={8}. A quasitruncated square, inverted as {4/3}, is an octagram, t{4/3}={8/3}.The Lighter Side of Mathematics: Proceedings of the Eugène Strens Memorial Conference on Recreational Mathematics and its History, (1994), Metamorphoses of polygons, Branko Grünbaum
The uniform star polyhedron stellated truncated hexahedron, t'{4,3}=t{4/3,3} has octagram faces constructed from the cube in this way. It may be considered for this reason as a three-dimensional analogue of the octagram.
+ Isogonal truncations of square and cubeRegularQuasiregularIsogonalQuasiregular{4}t{4}={8}t'{4}=t{4/3}={8/3}RegularUniformIsogonalUniform{4,3}t{4,3}t'{4,3}=t{4/3,3}
Another three-dimensional version of the octagram is the nonconvex great rhombicuboctahedron (quasirhombicuboctahedron), which can be thought of as a quasicantellated (quasiexpanded) cube, t0,2{4/3,3}.
Star polygon compounds There are two regular octagrammic star figures (compounds) of the form {8/k}, the first constructed as two squares {8/2}=2{4}, and second as four degenerate digons, {8/4}=4{2}. There are other isogonal and isotoxal compounds including rectangular and rhombic forms. RegularIsogonalIsotoxala{8}={8/2}=2{4}{8/4}=4{2} {8/2} or 2{4}, like Coxeter diagrams + , can be seen as the 2D equivalent of the 3D compound of cube and octahedron, + , 4D compound of tesseract and 16-cell, + and 5D compound of 5-cube and 5-orthoplex; that is, the compound of a n-cube and cross-polytope in their respective dual positions.
Other presentations of an octagonal star An octagonal star can be seen as a concave hexadecagon, with internal intersecting geometry erased. It can also be dissected by radial lines. star polygonConcaveCentral dissectionsCompound 2{4}|8/2|Regular {8/3}8/3|IsogonalIsotoxal
Other uses
One of the oldest depictions of several variations of the octagram nested within each other was found in a cave in Jordan. Dating back 6,000 years and associated with the Ghassulian culture, it is speculated to have represented some kind of calendar system. In Unicode, the "Eight Spoked Asterisk" symbol ✳ is U+2733. The unicode for Dingir, a Sumerian cuneiform eight-pointed ideogram meaning "sky" and later a logogram for a deity is U+1202D .
The 8-pointed diffraction spikes of the star images from the James Webb Space Telescope are due to the diffraction caused by the hexagonal shape of the mirror sections and the struts holding the secondary mirror. Used as a parol or star for the 2010 ABS-CBN Christmas Station ID Ngayong Pasko Magniningning Ang Pilipino () due to the usage of a sun from the Philippine flag, making it also a nationalism and patriotism-themed song aside from being a Christmas song.
See also
Usage Rub el Hizb – Islamic character Seljuk star Shamsa Star of Ishtar – symbol of the ancient Sumerian goddess Inanna and her East Semitic counterpart Ishtar and Roman Venus. Seshat – the hieroglyph of this ancient Egyptian goddess depicts a seven-petaled flower, forming an octagram with its stem. Star of Lakshmi – Indian character Surya Majapahit – usage during Majapahit times in Indonesia to represent the Hindu gods of the directions Compass rose – usage in compasses to represent the cardinal directions for the eight principal winds Auseklis – usage of regular octagram by Latvians Guñelve – representation of Venus in Mapuche iconography. Selburose – usage of regular octagram in Norwegian design Utu – ancient Mesopotamian god symbol and symbol of the Sun god Thieves' Star - Post-Soviet thief in law symbol, «восьмиконечник» in Russian
Stars generally Star (polygon) Stellated polygons Two-dimensional regular polytopes
Others Hexadecagram Dodecagram Symbol of Chaos
References
Grünbaum, B. and G.C. Shephard; Tilings and patterns, New York: W. H. Freeman & Co., (1987), . Grünbaum, B.; Polyhedra with Hollow Faces, Proc of NATO-ASI Conference on Polytopes ... etc. (Toronto 1993), ed T. Bisztriczky et al., Kluwer Academic (1994) pp. 43–70. John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strauss, The Symmetries of Things 2008, (Chapter 26. pp. 404: Regular star-polytopes Dimension 2)
External links