This is a list of investigational panic disorder drugs, or drugs that are currently under development for clinical use for the treatment of panic disorder (PD) but are not yet approved.
Chemical/generic names are listed first, with developmental code names, synonyms, and brand names in parentheses. The format of list items is "Name (Synonyms) – Mechanism of Action [Reference]".
This list was last comprehensively updated in September 2025. It is likely to become outdated with time.
Under development Phase 2 Darigabat (CVL-865; PF-06372865; PF-6372865) – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator HB-1 (HB-01) – undefined mechanism of action
Phase unknown Oxybutynin controlled release – muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist Venlafaxine controlled release – serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI)
Not under development No development reported ADX-71149 (JNJ-1813; JNJ-40411813; JNJ-mGluR2-PAM) – metabotropic glutamate mGlu2 receptor positive allosteric modulator Tebideutorexant (JNJ-61393215; JNJ-3215) – orexin OX1 receptor antagonist
Discontinued Alprazolam inhalation (AZ-002; FNP-002; Staccato® alprazolam; STAP-001; UCB-7538) – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator and benzodiazepine Alprazolam intranasal (Panistat) – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator and benzodiazepine BTG-1640 (ABIO-08/01; ABIO-0801) – undefined mechanism of action Eglumetad (Eglumegad; LY-354740) – metabotropic glutamate mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptor agonist JNJ-19567470 (CRA-5626; R-317573) – corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF1R) antagonist Nefazodone (BMY-13754; Dutonin; MJ-13754; MS-13754; Nefadar; Serzone) – serotonin 5-HT1A receptor ligand, serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor antagonist, α1- and α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist, weak serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI), and other actions Xenon (NBTX-001) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist
Clinically used drugs Approved drugs Escitalopram (Cipralex; Entact; Lexapro; LU-26054; MLD-55; (S)-citalopram; Seroplex; Sipralex; Sipralexa) – selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) Fluoxetine (LY-110140; Prozac; Reneuron; Sarafem) – selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) Fluoxetine (Fluoxetine Tablets) – selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) Paroxetine (Aropax; BRL-29060; Deroxat; Divarius; FG-7051; Frosinor; Motivan; NNC-207051; Paxil; Seroxat; SI-211103; Tagonis) – selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) Paroxetine (Dropax; Dropaxin; Serestill) – selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) Sertraline (Aremis; Besitran; CP-51974; Gladem; Lustral; Serad; Serlain; Tatig; Zoloft) – selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) Venlafaxine (Dobupal; Efexor XR; Effexor; Effexor XR; Elafax; WY-45030; WY-45651; WY-45655) – serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI)
Off-label drugs Anticonvulsants (e.g., valproic acid) Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., quetiapine) Azapirones (serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonists) (e.g., buspirone) Benzodiazepines (GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators) (e.g., alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, diazepam, lorazepam) Beta blockers (e.g., propranolol) Gabapentinoids (α2δ subunit-containing voltage-gated calcium channel ligands) (e.g., gabapentin, pregabalin) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) (e.g., isocarboxazid, moclobemide, phenelzine, tranylcypromine) NMDA receptor antagonists (e.g., ketamine, esketamine) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (e.g., citalopram, fluvoxamine) Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) (e.g., desvenlafaxine, duloxetine, levomilnacipran, milnacipran) Serotonin modulators and stimulators (SMSs) (e.g., vilazodone, vortioxetine) Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, imipramine) Tetracyclic antidepressants (TeCAs) (e.g., mirtazapine) Others (e.g., hydroxyzine)
See also List of investigational drugs List of investigational generalized anxiety disorder drugs List of investigational social anxiety disorder drugs List of investigational post-traumatic stress disorder drugs List of investigational anxiety disorder drugs
References
External links AdisInsight - Springer