Kivutar (), Kiputyttö () or Vammatar () is a spirit or goddess in Finnish mythology who is asked to take the pains and injuries of humans to herself. She lives on Kipumäki/Kipuvaara ("Pain Hill") or Kipuvuori ("Pain Mountain"), and is often called a maiden of the underworld (Tuonen neito).
She is the remover of illnesses and ruler of pain who takes pains back to where they originate from.
In runic songs Kivutar appears in runic songs used as spells to illeviate some kind of pain, such as a burn wound or pain caused by a rock. She is typically described to be sitting on a pain rock (kipukivi) on Kipumäki, on a hill on Kipuvuori ("Pain Mountain"), which is at the confluence of three rivers or rapids. Pains can be moved into stones, as they don't feel pain, which she can gather for herself into a container or a glove, and even throw them in the pitch black sea. A runic song tradition connected to North Ostrobothnia and Kainuu also describes her as boiling pains in a pot.
Kainuu songs of the origin of iron state: "It is aching to be in pain, / Ailing to live in injury. / Pain belongs to Kivutar, / Ailment to the daughter of injury!" ("Kipiä on kivussa olla, / Vaiva vammassa elää. / Kipiä on Kivuttarelle, / Vaiva vamman tyttärelle!")
She also helped with the pains of giving birth.
Interpretations
Christfried Ganander called Kivutar Väinämöinen's daughter and called Vaavutar or Vauvutar her sister. The former claim is based on the fact that Kivutar is called Väinän tytär ("daughter of Väinä"). Seto poetry also features this epithet (Väänä tütär) with the clear meaning of a "female inhabitant at the river Daugava" (in Finnish, Väinä river).
Kivutar has sometimes been mixed with Virgin Mary in runic songs due to Christian influence. Kaarle Krohn believed Kivutar was always Virgin Mary from the very beginning. Anna-Leena Siikala instead believed Kivutar existed in Finland before the arrival of Christian influence, and while she did get features associated with Mary, the idea of a mother of pain who lives in the underworld is common in Eurasian religions. She thought Kivutar had more in common with the Norse Menglöð than Mary. Martti Haavio believed she was a translation of something such as hē mḗtēr tōn pathēmátōn ("mother of pains"), who was sent by the Devil to harm people in a Byzantine spell. A 1514 Danish magic spell also mentions alle vndeskabs modher ("mother of all pains"), who in turn has been connected to Lilith.
The pain rock Kivutar sits on is said to have a hole in it which pain can be banished to. This is why it has been theorized the pain rock would mean a cup marked stone which were used for offerings in earlier tradition.
Epithets EpithetEpithet meaningRegionsKivutar, kipiä neitoKivutar kipuinen neitoKivutar, kipiä neitoh'Kivutar, painful maiden'South SavoKivutar kipujen vaimo'Kivutar wife/woman of pains'North SavoKivutar kipujen eukkoKivutar, kipuin eukko'Kivutar old woman of pains'North Karelia, White KareliaKivutar kipuin neitoKivutar, kipeän neiti'Kivutar, maiden of pain(s)'Kainuu, South SavoKivutar kauhia emäntä'Kivutar dreadful mistress'Ostrobothnia, South SavoKivutar hyvä emäntä'Kivutar good mistress'Forest Finns, Ladoga Karelia, North Karelia, White KareliaKipulan neito'Maiden of Kipula'Ladoga Karelia, OstrobothniaKipumäen iso emäntä'The Great Mistress of Kipumäki'OstrobothniaKiputyttö Tuonen neitoKiputyttö Tuonen neitsyKiputyttö, Tuonen tyttöKiputyttö, Tuonen neiti'Kiputyttö, Maiden of Tuoni'Central Finland, Ingria, Kainuu, Ladoga Karelia, North Karelia, North Savo, Ostrobothnia, South SavoKiputyttö, tyyni neiti'Kiputyttö, calm maiden'North KareliaKiputyttö, ilman neiti'Kiputyttö, maiden of air'North KareliaKiputyttö, neiti KiireKiputyttö, kiijän neiti'Kiputyttö, a maiden in a hurry'Kainuu, Olonets Karelia, White KareliaNote: Ganander explained "kiire" in this context to refer to kiirastuli ("purgatory") instead of hurry.Kiputyttö, nuori neito'Kiputyttö, young maiden'North SavoKiputyttö, vuoren neiti'Kiputyttö, maiden of mountain'North KareliaKipunatar kiltti piika'Kipunatar kind maid'Ladoga KareliaVaiviotar, vanha vaimo'Vaiviotar, old woman/wife'UnknownVammatar valio vaimo'Vammatar outstanding wife/woman'Ladoga Karelia, North Karelia, White Karelia
References